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| 261221031 | aztec empire/mexica | aztec empire started with mexica (seminomadic people) who settled in lake texcoco; capital city-tenochtitlan; loosely structured, unstable; high population; trade; traded slaves, used for sacrifice; gender parallelism (women and men were different but equivalent) | 0 | |
| 261221032 | chosen women | women in inca civilization who were specialists in certain things; they were taken from home very young, trained in inca ideology, and set to their areas of specialization; given as wives to men of distinction, were priestesses | 1 | |
| 261221033 | 1453-fall of Constantinople | marked the final demise of Christian Byzantium and Ottoman rulers saw themselves as successors to the roman empire; was because of different religions | 2 | |
| 261221034 | fulbe | west africa's largest pastoral society; eastward migration; agriculture; adopted islam | 3 | |
| 261221035 | huitzilopochtli | aztec god of the sun; he "required blood" for energy and to give light | 4 | |
| 261221036 | igbo/ibo | dense population and trade in nowaday southern nigeria, purposely rejected kingship and state building | 5 | |
| 261221037 | iroquois league of five nations | the "great law of peace"; confederation council of clan leaders, suppressed neighbors from fighting, helped relations with outsiders like those from europe | 6 | |
| 261221038 | ming dynasty | very prosperous; confucianism; no foreign rule; centralized gov; civil service exam; headed by emperor yongle | 7 | |
| 261221039 | quechua | language used in inca empire | 8 | |
| 261221040 | ottoman empire | huge; sultans called caliphs; wanted to unite islamic world; aggression towards christian lands (fall of constantinople, siege of vienna) | 9 | |
| 261221041 | european renaissance | restoration of classical greek traditions; greater naturalism in art; humanist scholars started exploring non-religious (secular) matters | 10 | |
| 261221042 | songhay empire | in west africa; islam limited to urban elites; operated intersection of trans-saharan trade routes; much of its wealth came from taxing commerce; monarch was sonni ali | 11 | |
| 261221043 | timbuktu | muslim learning center in songhay empire | 12 | |
| 261221044 | yongle | sponsored an 11,000 volume Encyclopedia; ming dynasty; eliminate all signs of foreign rule; confucianism; reestablished civil service exam; highly centralized government with eunuchs; infrastructure | 13 | |
| 261221045 | modern/modernity | industrialization; population increase; upper class was of urban wealth, not rural landowning elites; states=more powerful; ideas (such as liberalism, nationalism, feminism, socialism) | 14 | |
| 261221046 | european city states (venice) | at beginning very competitive and independent; learned to tax citizens more effectively, to create administrative structures, and to have good armies; ottomans | 15 | |
| 261221047 | benin | centralized territorial state ruled by warrior king named Ewuare | 16 | |
| 261221048 | columbus | sailed across the atlantic, funded by spain; ran into the americas instead of the east (ie india, etc.); 1492 | 17 | |
| 261221049 | firestick farming | purposely starting fires to create grasslands | 18 | |
| 261221050 | vasco dagama | 1497 he went around the tip of south africa, along the east african coast, and across the indian ocean to calicut, india | 19 | |
| 261221051 | hundred years war | france fought with england over rival claims to territory in france; result of competitive city-states | 20 | |
| 261221052 | inca empire | quechua speakers; in the andes; absolute ruler was divine; different provinces; population data recorded on quipus (knotted cords); high population; capital = cuzco; everyone had to perform labor service; trading; gender parallelism; attempted cultural integration of conquered people (different religious ideas, although they had to learn quechua) | 21 | |
| 261221053 | malacca/melaka | major muslim port city in southeast asia; malaccan islam had hindu and buddhist values; center for islamic learning | 22 | |
| 261221054 | mita | labor service in which most people in the inca empire had to carry out; work on state farms, herding, mining, military service, state construction, production of goods; state provided feasts in return | 23 | |
| 261221055 | mughal empire | created by nomads; in india; wanted to unite hindus and muslims | 24 | |
| 261221056 | pochteca | professional merchants in the aztecs; they were regarded as commoners but had much wealth, usually more than the nobles, so they could control the society | 25 | |
| 261221057 | safavid empire | persia; sufi religious order (shia islam); fought with ottoman empire because they were sunni islam | 26 | |
| 261221058 | tenochtitlan | aztec capital situated on a lake; huge population; much infrastructure; large marketplaces | 27 | |
| 261221059 | triple alliance | mexica + two other city states united; program for military conquest; conquered a lot of mesoamerica; aztec rulers | 28 | |
| 261221060 | zhenghe | commander of chinese fleet to enroll distant people/states in chinese tribute system; did not want to conquer new territories | 29 | |
| 261221061 | contingency (in history) | ... | 30 | |
| 261221062 | trading post empire | goal was to control commerce, not territories or populations; used by portuguese because they didn't have goods to keep up with trade | 31 | |
| 261221063 | banda islands | islands near indonesia where the dutch killed and enslaved their people to take control of the islands in order to produce nutmeg | 32 | |
| 261221064 | british/dutch east india companies | indian ocean commerce; were private trading companies to handle trade; merchants invested; controlled by government; had power to make war and govern conquered people; their own trading post empires (indonesia for dutch, india for england); dutch stole local economy of spice islands, traded many spices; british was in bombay, calcutta, and madras; could not compete with mughal empire on land; cotton became most important trade good for british | 33 | |
| 261221065 | mercantilism/mercantile system | government controls trade/the economy | 34 | |
| 261221066 | daimyo/samurai | feudal lords who were supported by samurai (an army) | 35 | |
| 261221067 | indian ocean commercial network | much needed for spice trade; europeans sought trading posts here, because they liked spices | 36 | |
| 261221068 | magellan, dagama | magellan circumnavigated the globe and found the philippines, where spain soon established a base | 37 | |
| 261221069 | piece of eight | spanish coin | 38 | |
| 261221070 | potosi | in bolivia; became largest city in americas because it was the world's largest silver mine; europeans lived in good conditions while native americans lived in poor conditions | 39 | |
| 261221071 | closed country edict | japan's edict for isolating itself; closing its country; no ships or people to leave, no people can come in | 40 | |
| 261221072 | silver drain | most of the world's silver ended up in asia (especially china) | 41 | |
| 261221073 | spanish philippines | small, competitive chiefdoms; forced relocation, tribute, taxes, and unpaid labor; made them christian; spanish settlers, religious people, and filipino elite lived well | 42 | |
| 261221074 | atlantic slave trade/philip curtin | took many slaves from africa to the americas (many died during passage however); plantation agriculture = main purpose for slaves; sugar production created the need for slaves; the taking of slaves resulted in destabilization of smaller and larger societies | 43 | |
| 261221075 | 18th century wars: seven years war, etc. | ... | 44 | |
| 261221076 | african diaspora | deposit of many, many africans into the americas | 45 | |
| 261221077 | benin/kongo (king afonso)/dahomey | benin = developed state in africa; oba (the monarch) controlled trade; avoided slave trade; dahomey was west of benin and was highly authoritarian; deeply involved in slave trade under royal control; government depended on slave trade for revenue; kongo was a civilization that slowly disintegrated thanks to the slave trade | 46 | |
| 261221078 | new amsterdam/dutch west india co. | new amsterdam = present day new york; a colony that was to defend dutch fur trade | 47 | |
| 261221079 | cartaz | naval trade license issued by portuguese when they were still in control of indian spice trade | 48 | |
| 261221080 | hurons | native americans who about half of died from european diseases they weren't immune to yet | 49 | |
| 261221081 | little ice age | ... | 50 | |
| 261221082 | manila/manila galleons | manila - a major center with diverse population; in the spanish philippines; manila galleons were ships that sailed from spain to the philippines or the other way around | 51 | |
| 261221083 | middle passage | the passage from africa to the americas, where many of the africans shipped died | 52 | |
| 261221084 | shogun/tokugawa shogunate | shoguns = rulers; tokugawa shoguns used silver to defeat rivals and unify the country, develop a market-based economy, and invest in agriculture and industry; they limited population growth | 53 | |
| 261221085 | dutch learning (ch. 16)/deshima | ... | 54 | |
| 261221086 | soft gold | fur was "soft gold" because it was so valuable | 55 | |
| 261221087 | beaver | this animal almost went extinct because of the demand for beaver hats; a big part of fur trade | 56 | |
| 261221088 | equiano | an african american slave who eventually bought freedom and became a respected free man | 57 | |
| 261221089 | work systems: mita, encomienda, indenture | mita - people in inca empire had to carry out labor for the state encomienda - a person was responsible for a group of natives; forced them to work, basically indenture - a person who comes to america and in return is in debt, so the person works to get rid of that debt | 58 |
