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| 10362795690 | Husayn | grandson of Muhammad, fell valiantly in the Battle of Karbala, son of Ali and grandson of Muhammad, third imam | 0 | |
| 10340943284 | Islam | The religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah | 1 | |
| 10340947105 | Muslim | "submitter to God", a person whose religion is Islam, consider the Quran their holy book | 2 | |
| 10340952078 | Quran | Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God dictated through Muhammad | 3 | |
| 10340955486 | Muhammad | Arab prophet who was the last messenger of Allah, Quran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God | 4 | |
| 10340962891 | Hadith | traditional records of the deeds and utterances of the prophet Muhammad and the basis for Islamic theology and law | 5 | |
| 10362686687 | Umma | the community of believers in Islam | 6 | |
| 10362688444 | Mecca | birthplace of Muhammad and the holiest city for Muslims | 7 | |
| 10362689695 | Ka'aba | a stone building in the court of the Great Mosque at Mecca that contains a sacred black stone, goal of Islamic pilgrimage, point toward which Muslims turn in praying | 8 | |
| 10362703571 | Shahada | the Muslim profession of faith | 9 | |
| 10362706149 | Alms | money or food given to the poor | 10 | |
| 10362706871 | Ramadan | the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset | 11 | |
| 10362709282 | Eid al-Fitr | the Muslim festival marking the end of the fast of Ramadan | 12 | |
| 10362711084 | Hajj | the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca | 13 | |
| 10362713365 | Jihad | means struggle or effort, internal and external efforts to be a good Muslim or believer as well as working to inform people about the faith of Islam | 14 | |
| 10362716951 | Dar al-Islam | "the abode of Islam", territories in which Islam and its religious laws may be freely practiced | 15 | |
| 10362728128 | Shari'a | religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition | 16 | |
| 10362728923 | Hijra | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina | 17 | |
| 10362730613 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern Roman Empire, continuation of the Roman Empire after the fall of the West, capital was Constantinople, supported by the Christian Church | 18 | |
| 10362737514 | Sassanid Empire | period of the Persian empire before the rise of Islam, followed Zoroastrianism which is considered the "beginnings" of Islam today | 19 | |
| 10362747755 | Ibn Battuta | a Muslim scholar and traveler, visited most of the Islamic world and many non-Muslim lands | 20 | |
| 10362754480 | Qadi | a judge in Islamic legal practice | 21 | |
| 10362756055 | Abu Bakr | father-in-law of Muhammad, became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family, served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad, first caliph who succeeded Muhammad after his death | 22 | |
| 10362762029 | caliph | the spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Muslim community, no longer exist today | 23 | |
| 10362763846 | Ali | regarded by Shi'ites (or Shi'a) as Muhammad's first true successor, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, fourth caliph | 24 | |
| 10362770611 | Shi'a | "follower of Ali", thought the caliph should be a successor to Muhammad | 25 | |
| 10362777158 | Ummayads | a member of the Dynasty that ruled in Damascus, first major Islamic empire | 26 | |
| 10362779035 | Sunnis | chose Uthman as the first successor to Muhammad and believe that the position of caliph does not have to be given to a member of Muhammad's family, represent over 80% of the Muslim community | 27 | |
| 10362789516 | Damascus | the capital of Syria, oldest continuously existing city in the world, was the capital of the Umayyad Empire, served as a major trade post for many traders trading between Europe and Asia | 28 | |
| 10362804966 | Husayn | Son of Ali who opposed Yazid I for the role of the caliphate, fell valiantly in the Battle of Karbala | 29 | |
| 10362806923 | Battle of Karbala | between relatives and supporters of Muhammad's grandson and military of the Umayyad caliph, secured authority of the Ummayads but is a day of mourning for the shi'as | 30 | |
| 10362815691 | Imam | a title for a person whose religious leadership or example is to be followed | 31 | |
| 10362819798 | Twelvers | believe that the Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad | 32 | |
| 10362826362 | Mahdi | this messianic leader will appear to restore justice, truth, and religion for a brief period before the Universal Day of Judgement, according to Islamic tradition | 33 | |
| 10362834889 | Ismailis | a member of the branch of Shiite Muslims, believe that Ismali should have become the seventh imam, known as the "Seveners" | 34 | |
| 10362839732 | Dome of the Rock | an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, oldest extant Islamic monument, built under the Ummayad empire | 35 | |
| 10362852383 | Al-Aqsa Mosque | in the Old City of Jerusalem, third holiest site in Islam, Muslims believe Muhammad was transported from the mosque in Mecca to Al-Aqsa Mosque, one of the earliest mosques | 36 | |
| 10362885144 | Charles Martel | hero of the battle that decided that Christians and not Muslims should be the ruling power in Europe, leader of the Franks and stopped the Muslim invasion in France | 37 | |
| 10362890068 | Battle of Tours | Charles Martel defeated the Muslim invasion into France and stopped the spread of Islam | 38 | |
| 10362896298 | Battle of the Talas River | A battle that the Umayyad armies won, stopped the advance of Chinese forces moving west, and it opened central Asia and the silk routes to Islamic religious and cultural missions | 39 | |
| 10362899558 | Abbasids | third Islamic caliphate, capital was Baghdad and they overthrew Ummayad caliphate, descended from Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad | 40 | |
| 10362919418 | Baghdad | capital of the Abbasid caliphate, known as the "centre of learning" | 41 | |
| 10362921994 | Fatimids | an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, descent from the daughter of Muhammad, Fatimah | 42 | |
| 10362927004 | Seljuk Turks | A turkish-speaking group led by the Seljuk family, named themselves sultans and they had power over the non-religious side of the government, nomadic horsemen who converted to Islam and recognized the Abbasid caliphate | 43 | |
| 10362941085 | Battle of Manzikert | fought between the Byzantine and Seljuk Empires, the defeat of the Byzantine army played an important role in the gradual Turkification of Anatolia | 44 | |
| 10362947324 | Sultan | a king or sovereign especially of a Muslim state, used by the Seljuk Turks | 45 | |
| 10362953676 | Chinggis Khan | created the largest land-based empire, the Mongol empire, he came to power by uniting many nomadic tribes | 46 | |
| 10362958478 | Battle of Ain Jalut | the sultan in Cairo defeated mongol troops, stopped the mongols from advancing westward | 47 | |
| 10362966488 | Timur the Lame | a person who lead Turkish invaders along similar routes and campaigns as Chinggis Khan, had support from the Sufis and his descendants patronized Islamic scholarship and Turkish as a literary language | 48 | |
| 10362974266 | Ulama | the theologians and legal experts of Islam | 49 | |
| 10362975141 | Sufis | a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship | 50 | |
| 10362984299 | Sultanate of Delhi | a Muslim sultanate based mostly in Delhi and stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent | 51 | |
| 10362988880 | Mughal Empire | an empire in the Indian subcontinent established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty, second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, blended Perso-Islamic and regionl Indian elements | 52 | |
| 10362998394 | Ghana | by the ninth century it was a rival of the Berbers for control of Saharan trade | 53 | |
| 10363000660 | Almoravids | imperial Muslim dynasty in Morocco, prevented the fall of AL-Andalas to Christian kingdoms | 54 | |
| 10363009198 | Mali | Muslim merchants brought Islam to West Africa, Mansa Musa built many mosques throughout Mali | 55 | |
| 10363119401 | Mansa Musa | sultan of the Mali Empire, known to have been enormously wealthy, spread wealth on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca | 56 | |
| 10363121675 | Timbuktu | ancient city in Mali, became a scholarly centre in Africa | 57 | |
| 10363124793 | Songhay | was one of the largest states in African history, Songhai rulers weakened the Mali empire | 58 | |
| 10363130800 | Ethiopia | "Haven of the First Migration or Hijra", synonymous with freedom from persecution and emancipation from fear | 59 | |
| 10363135987 | Kilwa | founded by settlers from Arabia and Iran, became one of the most active commercial trading centers on the east coast of Africa | 60 | |
| 10363144245 | Swahili | follow the Sunni denomination of Islam, known for use of divination, Islam came to the Southeast African coast by Bantu traders tapping into the Indian Ocean trade networks | 61 | |
| 10363152043 | Jalal al-Din Runni | was a Persian Sunni Muslim poet, jurist, scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic, his masnavi is considered one of the greatest poems of the Persian language, his poetry has influenced many | 62 | |
| 10363156621 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historiographer and historian, best known for his book "Introduction" which helped analyze the Ottoman Empire | 63 | |
| 10363161172 | Universal History | Written by Ibn Khaldun , who is often viewed as the first to apply social science theory to the study of history. Universal History stressed a cyclical theory of history in which nomadic peoples regularly conquered urban peoples who were settled, cultured, and contented, took over their cities, settled into their own lives, and then themselves fell to the next invasion of nomadic peoples. Some of the themes stressed that are still applicable today include that the difference between Easterners and Westerners is cultural, not innate, the differences between people arise from differences in their occupations, and that scholars are the least suited to politics out of all men. | 64 | |
| 10363164091 | Cordoba | a city in southern Spain that was colonized by Muslim armies in the eighth century, major Islamic center in the Middle Ages | 65 | |
| 10363167835 | Ibn Sina | a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic golden age, has been described as the father of early modern medicine | 66 | |
| 10363174375 | Qanun fi'l-tibb | an encyclopedia of medicine compiled by Ibn Sina, overview of the contemporary medical knowledge | 67 | |
| 10363178437 | Minaret | a tall slender tower typically part of a mosque with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer | 68 | |
| 10363182182 | Muezzin | a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque | 69 | |
| 10363185773 | Istanbul | historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, most populous city in Turkey | 70 | |
| 10363187830 | Taj Mahal | mausoleum in India, tomb which includes a mosque, regarded as the jewel of Muslim art | 71 | |
| 10363190672 | Bazaar | a market in a Middle Eastern country | 72 | |
| 10363192106 | Dhimmi | Jews and Christians living under early Muslim rule were considered dhimmis, had their rights fully protected but had certain restrictions, later extended to other religious peoples such as Hindus | 73 | |
| 10363198852 | crusades | an expedition made by Christian Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims | 74 | |
| 10363203316 | Alexius I | Byzantine emperor, began the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration | 75 | |
| 10363207274 | Urban II | pope that initiated the First Crusade and promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the sins of those who would fight to reclaim the holy land and free the eastern churches | 76 | |
| 10363214073 | Salah al-Din | first sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, led the Muslim military campaign against crusader states | 77 | |
| 10363217656 | reconquista | Christian Iberian kingdoms opposed and conquered the Muslim kingdoms | 78 | |
| 10363225340 | Moses Maimonides | a medieval Jewish philosopher who became one of the most influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages | 79 | |
| 10363230112 | Alhambra | fortress in Spain, built by a Muslim ruler but altered by a Roman ruler | 80 | |
| 10363233338 | Spanish Inquisition | intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace medieval inquisition, regulation intensified ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain | 81 | |
| 10363241294 | Marranos | an insincere Jewish convert during the reconquista | 82 | |
| 10363244825 | Moriscos | an insincere Muslim convert during the reconquista | 83 | |
| 10363253389 | Tomas de Torquemada | grand inquisitor in Spain's movement to homogenize religious practices with those of the Catholic Church, one of the chief supporters that expelled the Jews from Spain | 84 | |
| 10363264060 | Apostasy | the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief | 85 | |
| 10363268562 | Heresy | belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine | 86 | |
| 10363271881 | blasphemy | the act of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred things | 87 | |
| 10363274598 | Usury | the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest | 88 | |
| 10363279010 | Ferdinand and Isabella | officially made Islam illegal throughout Spain after many revolts | 89 |
