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| 5903632036 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 0 | |
| 5903632038 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam | 1 | |
| 5903632039 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750 | 2 | |
| 5903632042 | Medina | Also known as Yahtrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra) | 3 | |
| 5903632043 | Allah | The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith | 4 | |
| 5903632046 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632 | 5 | |
| 5903632047 | Khadijah(555-619) | First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader | 6 | |
| 5903632048 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam | 7 | |
| 5903632049 | Ali(c.599-661) | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a | 8 | |
| 5903632050 | Umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity | 9 | |
| 5903632052 | Five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. | 10 | |
| 5903632053 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset | 11 | |
| 5903632054 | Hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba | 12 | |
| 5903632056 | Caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad | 13 | |
| 5903632057 | Abu Bakr | The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community | 14 | |
| 5903632059 | Jihads | Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding | 15 | |
| 5903632064 | Mu'awiya(602-680) | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 16 | |
| 5903632065 | Sunnis | Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads | 17 | |
| 5903632066 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali | 18 | |
| 5903632068 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate | 19 | |
| 5903632069 | Mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 20 | |
| 5903632076 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 21 | |
| 5903632079 | In what ways was the Islamic religion a faith that elevated the status and opportunities of women, and what were the constrains on this process? Was this true in all places to which Islam spread? | Women gained more power such as property ownership. But this was not the case in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia | 22 | |
| 5903632085 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 23 | |
| 5903632087 | Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406) | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute | 24 | |
| 5903632092 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 25 | |
| 5903632119 | Ibn-Rushd | Wrote the commentary of virtually all of Aristotle's works. | 26 | |
| 5903706683 | Astrolabe | A type of map that uses the sunlight to use routes. | 27 | |
| 5903731708 | Ibn Sina | Wrote the medical encyclopedia that was the basic medical textbook for the middle ages. | 28 | |
| 5903754606 | Omar Khayyam | Wrote the Rubayat, which is one of the most familiar books of Middle Eastern Literature, | 29 |
