Terms : Hide Images
| 8240112755 | Middle Ages | period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 0 | |
| 8240112756 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 1 | |
| 8240112757 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 2 | |
| 8240112758 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 3 | |
| 8240112759 | Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 4 | |
| 8240112760 | Moldboard | adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils | 5 | |
| 8240112761 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 6 | |
| 8240112762 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496 | 7 | |
| 8240112763 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 8 | |
| 8240112764 | Charles Martel | first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 9 | |
| 8240112765 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 10 | |
| 8240112766 | Holy Roman emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 11 | |
| 8240112767 | Feudalism | personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 12 | |
| 8240112768 | Vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 13 | |
| 8240112770 | William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 14 | |
| 8240112771 | Magna Carta | Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law | 15 | |
| 8240112772 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 16 | |
| 8240112773 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France (1337-1453) | 17 | |
| 8240112774 | Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control | 18 | |
| 8240112775 | Investiture | the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV | 19 | |
| 8240112776 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th c founder of a woman's monastic order; represented a new spirit of purity and dedication to the Catholic Church | 20 | |
| 8240112777 | Gregory VII | 11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops | 21 | |
| 8240112778 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of great syntheses of medieval learning; taught University of Paris; author of Summas; believed through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 22 | |
| 8240112779 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 23 | |
| 8240112780 | Troubadours | poets in 14th c southern France; gave a new value to the emotion of love in Western tradition | 24 | |
| 8240112781 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance (trade) | 25 | |
| 8240112782 | Jacques Coeur | 15th c French merchant; his career as banker to French monarchy demonstrates new course of medieval commerce | 26 | |
| 8240112783 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 27 | |
| 8240112784 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 28 |
