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| 11591399314 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles | 0 | |
| 11591399315 | Bubonic Plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing; has a high mortality rate and it is difficult to prevent its spread | 1 | |
| 11591399316 | Tropics | Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn; characterized by hot or warm temperatures year-round | 2 | |
| 11591399317 | Monsoons | Seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean caused by differences in temperature | 3 | |
| 11591399318 | Dhows | Characteristic cargo and passenger ships of the Arabic Sea | 4 | |
| 11591399319 | Grand Canal | Series of manmade waterways that connected the major rivers and made it possible for China to increase the amount and variety of internal trade; about 1240 miles long | 5 | |
| 11591399320 | Moldboard | A plow that allowed deeper turning of the soil | 6 | |
| 11591399321 | Agricultural Revolution | Adapted techniques and inventions that greatly increased crop production; perfected the three-field system; new inventions were watermills, horses, horse harnesses | 7 | |
| 11591399322 | Bantu Migrations | Originated in what is now Nigeria and Cameroon; spread south and by 1000CE they occupied most of Africa south of the equator | 8 | |
| 11591399323 | Ka'ba | A cubical shrine with idols inside; typically found in Islam | 9 | |
| 11591399324 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of the religion of Islam | 10 | |
| 11591399325 | Allah | God in Arabic | 11 | |
| 11591399326 | Muslim | An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who "submits" to the will of God | 12 | |
| 11591399327 | Islam | Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran; calls on all people to recognize one creator god (Allah) who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led their lives | 13 | |
| 11591399328 | Umma | The community of all Muslims; where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community | 14 | |
| 11591399329 | Five Pillars | 1) avowal that there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger 2) prayer five times a day 3) fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan 4) paying alms 5) making the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime | 15 | |
| 11591399330 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between around 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam | 16 | |
| 11591399331 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali; state religion of Iran | 17 | |
| 11591399332 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership; majority religion in most Islamic countries | 18 | |
| 11591399333 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | 19 | |
| 11591399334 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands | 20 | |
| 11591399335 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty; prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism; monasteries were primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe | 21 | |
| 11591399336 | Benedict of Nursia | Responsible for introducing this originally Egyptian practice of monasticism that was practiced in the Latin west | 22 | |
| 11591399337 | Regular vs. Secular Clergy | Priests who lived by monastic rules vs. priests who lived in society instead of in seclusion and did not follow a formal code of regulations | 23 | |
| 11591399338 | Pilgrimages | Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins; other religions have these traditions as well | 24 | |
| 11591399339 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant who wrote travel literature | 25 | |
| 11591399340 | Ibn Battuta | A young Muslim scholar from Moroccos who had set out to explore the Islamic world | 26 | |
| 11591399341 | Treasure Ships | Large Chinese junks about 300 feet long by 150 feet wide for sea battles | 27 | |
| 11591399342 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa | 28 | |
| 11591399343 | Hijrah | Muhammad's famous flight to the city of Yathrib because he was forced to leave Mecca for fear of his life | 29 | |
| 11591399344 | Mosque | Islamic holy houses | 30 | |
| 11591399345 | Muezzin | Calls people to prayer | 31 | |
| 11591399346 | Minaret | A tower where a muezzin calls people to prayer | 32 | |
| 11591399347 | Alms | Special religious tax that goes to the poor | 33 | |
| 11591399348 | Ramadan | Islamic holy month; Muslims fast from sunup to sundown | 34 | |
| 11591399349 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place once a year | 35 | |
| 11591399350 | Sunna | Model for proper living | 36 | |
| 11591399351 | Shari'a Law | Regulates family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims | 37 | |
| 11591399352 | Seal of the Prophets | Name recognizing Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet. | 38 | |
| 11591399353 | People of the Book | Christians and Jews | 39 | |
| 11591399354 | Ali | Muhammad's son-in-law that triggered a civil war | 40 | |
| 11591399355 | Sufi | Devotion to a spiritual movement | 41 | |
| 11591399356 | Ascetics | People who practiced self-denial to achieve an understanding of ultimate reality; emphasis on meditation and chanting | 42 | |
| 11591399357 | Ulama | People with religious knowledge | 43 | |
| 11591399358 | Qadis | Judges | 44 | |
| 11591399359 | Dar al-Islam | Islamic lands | 45 | |
| 11591399360 | Arabic Numerals | Hindi numerals that Islamic states adapted from the people they conquered | 46 | |
| 11591399361 | Nasir al-Din | Islamic scholar who studied and improved upon the cosmological model of Ptolemy | 47 | |
| 11591399362 | Mahayana Buddhism | A major branch of the religion that allowed a great deal of variance from Buddha's original teachings | 48 | |
| 11591399363 | Xuanzang | Chinese-Buddhist monk who traveled to India to learn Indian Buddhism | 49 | |
| 11591399364 | Dark Ages | Many aspects of the Roman civilization were lost, such as written language, advanced architectural and building techniques, complex government, and access to long-distance trade | 50 | |
| 11591399365 | Caesaropapism | Emperor ruled as absolute ruler of state and church in Roman Empire | 51 | |
| 11591399366 | Franciscans | Order of ministers known for their vows of poverty and ability to relate to peasants | 52 | |
| 11591399367 | Dominicans | A more scholarly order who ministered more to educational needs | 53 | |
| 11591399368 | Monks | People who devoted their lives to study, worship, and hard work | 54 | |
| 11591399369 | Monastery | Served as refuge for those in trouble, communication to the central church hierarchy, and were centers of scholarship, education, and libraries | 55 | |
| 11591399370 | Africanity | A set of cultural characteristics that are commonly shared on the continent | 56 | |
| 11591399371 | Scarification | Permanent beauty etchings on the skin | 57 | |
| 11591399372 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and ritual center of the Islamic religion | 58 | |
| 11591399373 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca | 59 | |
| 11591399374 | Khalifa/Caliph | Successor | 60 | |
| 11591399375 | Abu Bakr | One of earliest believers and father of Muhammad's favorite wife A'isha | 61 | |
| 11591399376 | Caliphate | Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire | 62 | |
| 11591399377 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs; capital at Damascus, they ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India; overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate | 63 | |
| 11591399378 | Carolingian | Frankish ruling family who established themselves as kings under Charlemagne's father Pepin, and then under Charlemagne, as emperors | 64 | |
| 11591399379 | Charlemagne | King of Franks in the Carolingian family; at his peak the Carolingian Empire encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy | 65 | |
| 11591399380 | Varangians | Swedes who pursued raiding and trading interests | 66 | |
| 11591399381 | William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and brought Anglo-Saxon domination of the island to an end | 67 | |
| 11591399382 | Feudalism | System where land was awarded for military service | 68 | |
| 11591399383 | Fief | In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service | 69 | |
| 11591399384 | Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king of lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king of lord | 70 | |
| 11591399385 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes; lasted from 962-1806 | 71 | |
| 11591399386 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule; brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation | 72 | |
| 11591399387 | Battle of Manzikert | Seljuk army vs. Byzantine emperor; resulted in Turkish nomads spreading throughout the region and the deterioration of security along the pilgrimage route | 73 | |
| 11591399388 | Pope Urban II | Began the Crusades when he called on Christians to stop fighting each other and go to the Holy Land to fight Muslims | 74 | |
| 11591399389 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | One of the most influential women of the crusading era; accompanied her husband on the Second Crusade | 75 | |
| 11591399390 | Richard the Lionhearted | One of Eleanor's sons who famed in romance as the | 76 | |
| 11591399391 | Temujin | Became the supreme leader of the Mongols in 1206; also known as Chinggis Khan | 77 | |
| 11591399392 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia; after 1206 they established a large empire under Chinggis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia | 78 | |
| 11591399393 | Chinggis Khan | The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols, it means the "oceanic" or "universal leader"; founder of the Mongol Empire | 79 | |
| 11591399394 | Ogodei | Chinggis's son; became the Great Khan in 1227 after his father's death; completed the destruction of the Tanggut and the Jin and put their territories under Mongol governors; controlled most of northern China | 80 | |
| 11591399395 | Batu | Chinggis's grandson who attacked Russian territories, took control of the towns along the Volga River, and conquered Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary in a five-year campaign | 81 | |
| 11591399396 | Karakorum | Capital where Ogodei tried to rule a united empire | 82 | |
| 11591399397 | Chagatai | Chinggis's son whose descendants dominated Central Asia | 83 | |
| 11591399398 | Khublai Khan | Declared himself the Great Khan in 1260, and transferred his court to the old Jin capital; declared himself founder of the Yuan Empire in 1271 | 84 | |
| 11591399399 | Yuan Empire | Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan | 85 | |
| 11591399400 | Hulegu | Great Khan; founded the regional khanate (Il-khan Empire of Iran) and ruled from 1256-1265 | 86 | |
| 11591399401 | Battle of Ain Jalut | Mongols vs. Turkic-speaking Mamluks; Mongols met their match as Mamaluks' techniques matched their own | 87 | |
| 11591399402 | Rashid al-Din | Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice | 88 | |
| 11591399403 | Nasir al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system | 89 | |
| 11591399404 | Delhi Sultanate | Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders | 90 | |
| 11591399405 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of the West African empire of Mali; took his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 | 91 | |
| 11591399406 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus | 92 | |
| 11591399407 | Feudalism | A political and economic system less developed than those of centralized empires, but more powerful than a purely local government; accompanied by a set of political values that emphasized mutual ties, obligations, and loyalties | 93 | |
| 11591399408 | Shogun | A military leader who ruled in place of the emperor | 94 | |
| 11591399409 | Daimyos | Japanese elites | 95 | |
| 11591399410 | Samurai | Professional warriors who swore loyalty to daimyos | 96 | |
| 11591399411 | Bushido | Warrior's code that samurai lived by | 97 | |
| 11591399412 | Seppuku | Suicide by disembowelment if the samurais failed their masters | 98 | |
| 11591399413 | Minamoto Clan | Seized power in late 11th century and installed their leader as the shogun | 99 | |
| 11591399414 | Vikings | From Scandinavia; invaded many areas of Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries | 100 | |
| 11591399415 | Magyars | Invaders from the east in the late 9th century | 101 | |
| 11591399416 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern empire that remained intact because it withstood fewer attacks; survived for almost a Millenium after the western empire collapsed | 102 | |
| 11591399417 | Franks | Germanic group that promoted the power of the church; controlled much of what is now France by the 5th century CE | 103 | |
| 11591399418 | Manor | In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence, outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land | 104 | |
| 11591399419 | Nomadism | A way of life, forced by scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water | 105 | |
| 11591399420 | Garum | Strong-smelling sauce that became a cooking staple in ancient Rome and an important export item; made by crushing up fish in a small amount of brine | 106 | |
| 11591399421 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning "shores" | 107 | |
| 11591399422 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins, whose main stone structures were built between 1250 and 1450 when it was a trading center and the capital of a larger state | 108 | |
| 11591399423 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen; a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times | 109 | |
| 11591399424 | Gujarat | Attracted new trade after the Mongol destruction of Baghdad and prospered from increased commercial interaction with Delhi's ruling class | 110 | |
| 11591399425 | Calicut | Coastal city that prospered from locally woven cotton textiles and locally grown grains and spices; imitated Gujarat's success | 111 | |
| 11591399426 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca | 112 | |
| 11591399427 | Entrepot | Places where goods are stored or deposited and from which they are distributed | 113 | |
| 11591399428 | Flying Money | Letters of credit that allowed merchants to deposit money in one location and have it available in another | 114 | |
| 11591399429 | Tax Farming | A practice that gave middlemen the responsibility of collecting taxes | 115 | |
| 11591399430 | Commercial Revolution | Western European towns used financial innovations (banks, bills of exchange) once they connected to long-distance trade routes | 116 | |
| 11591399431 | Guild | Trade associations made up of craftsmen for their particular craft; set standard for goods, regulated labor, and supervised apprentices as they learned the trade | 117 | |
| 11591399432 | Hanseatic League | commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns | 118 | |
| 11591399433 | Caravanserai | A roadside inn where travelers could rest and recover from the day's journey | 119 | |
| 11591399434 | Jizya | Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire | 120 | |
| 11591399435 | Serfs | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord | 121 |
