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| 251973513 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336) | 0 | |
| 251973514 | Nasir-al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. | 1 | |
| 251973515 | Alexander Nevskii | Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. | 2 | |
| 251973516 | Tsar | a male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) | 3 | |
| 251973517 | Ottomans | Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. | 4 | |
| 251973518 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) | 5 | |
| 251973519 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 6 | |
| 251973520 | Delhi Sultanate | Region of India controlled by Muslims 1206-1520 | 7 | |
| 251973521 | Mali | a landlocked republic in northwestern Africa | 8 | |
| 251973522 | Mansa Kankan Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. | 9 | |
| 251973523 | Gujarat | Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. | 10 | |
| 251973524 | Dhow | Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull used by the Arabs. | 11 | |
| 251973525 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | 12 | |
| 251973526 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 13 | |
| 251973527 | Aden | Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. | 14 | |
| 251973528 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. | 15 | |
| 251973529 | Urdu | the official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to Hindi | 16 | |
| 251973530 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. | 17 | |
| 251973531 | Latin West | Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. | 18 | |
| 251973532 | Three-field system | a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. | 19 | |
| 251973533 | Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | 20 | |
| 251973534 | Water wheel | A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. | 21 | |
| 251973535 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 22 | |
| 251973536 | Guild | A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. | 23 | |
| 251973537 | Gothic Cathedrals | Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. | 24 | |
| 251973538 | European Renaissance | The era was marked by a revival of the art, architecture, thought, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. | 25 | |
| 251973539 | Scholasticism | the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe | 26 | |
| 251973540 | Humanists (Renaissance) | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. | 27 | |
| 251973541 | Printing Press | invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects | 28 | |
| 251973542 | Great Western Schism | A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. | 29 | |
| 251973543 | Hundred Years War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | 30 | |
| 251973544 | New Monarchies | Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. | 31 | |
| 251973545 | Reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. | 32 | |
| 252032157 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. (Caravan Route) | 33 | |
| 252032158 | Indian Ocean Maritime System | In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207) | 34 | |
| 252032159 | trans-Saharan caravan routes | Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210) | 35 | |
| 252032160 | sub-Sahara Africa | Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216) | 36 | |
| 252032161 | Steppes | Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military. | 37 | |
| 252032162 | Savanna | grassland with scattered trees; found in tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and South America | 38 | |
| 252032163 | Great Traditions | historians term for a literate, well-institutionalized complex of religiouis and socila beliefs and practices adhered to by diverse societies over a broad geographical area | 39 | |
| 252032164 | Small Traditions | Historians' term for a localized, usually non-literate, set of customs and beliefs adhered to by a single society, often in conjunction with a "great tradition" | 40 | |
| 252032165 | Bantu | a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent | 41 | |
| 252032166 | Armenia | One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221) | 42 | |
| 252032167 | Ethiopia | East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. | 43 | |
| 252032168 | Sahel | a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert" | 44 | |
| 252032169 | Ghana | a republic in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea. First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Once know as the Gold Coast | 45 | |
| 252032170 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 46 | |
| 252032171 | Tang Empire | Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277) | 47 | |
| 252032172 | Tributary System | A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279) | 48 | |
| 252032173 | Bubonic Plague | A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280) | 49 | |
| 252032174 | Uigurs | A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284) | 50 | |
| 252032175 | Junk | A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288) | 51 | |
| 252032176 | Zen | The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289) | 52 | |
| 252032177 | Shamanism | The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292) | 53 | |
| 252032178 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292) | 54 | |
| 252032179 | Moveable Type | This was used for printing, and meant that individual letters and words could be moved around to create a page of type. It was an invention of the Renaissance (gold-smiths and paper-makers working together) and helped the spread of humanism over the Alps as it meant that printing was much easier, cheaper, and more efficient. It also led to the famous printing of vernacular Bibles in 1450 by Gutenberg. | 55 | |
| 252032180 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294) | 56 | |
| 252032181 | Genghis Khan | The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols. It means "oceanic" or universal leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. | 57 | |
| 252032182 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325) | 58 | |
| 252032183 | Nomadism | A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326) | 59 | |
| 252032184 | Il-Khan | A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333) | 60 | |
| 252032185 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333) | 61 | |
| 252032186 | Tax Farming | A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334) | 62 | |
| 252032187 | Timur | Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336) | 63 | |
| 252032188 | Ibn Khaldun | Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336) | 64 | |
| 252032189 | Nasir-al-Din Tusi | Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337) | 65 |
