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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 600-1450

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13999520421Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
13999520422MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
13999520423Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
13999520424Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty3
13999520425Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh4
13999520426Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
13999520427Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
13999520428Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
13999520429Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
13999520430Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
13999520431Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
13999520432JihadIslamic holy war11
13999520433Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
13999520434Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
13999520435Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam14
13999520436Dhimmis"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus15
13999520437Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad16
13999520438Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam17
13999520439Wazirchief administrative official under the Abbasids18
13999520440DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants19
13999520441Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids20
13999520442Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129121
13999520443UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking22
13999520444SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions23
13999520445Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph24
13999520446Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms25
13999520447MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves26
13999520448Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West27
13999520449Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam28
13999520450Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya29
13999520451Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers30
13999520452Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali31
13999520453Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world32
13999520454Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126033
13999520455Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao34
13999520456East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar35
13999520457Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa36
13999520458Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople37
13999520459Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians38
13999520460Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration39
13999520461ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory40
13999520462Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic41
13999520463Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c42
13999520464Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85543
13999520465Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity44
13999520466Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire45
13999520467TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact46
13999520468Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c47
13999520469Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls48
13999520470Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily49
13999520471Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection50
13999520472Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system51
13999520473Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure52
13999520474ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49653
13999520475Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c54
13999520476Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73255
13999520477CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80056
13999520478Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy57
13999520479Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service58
13999520480Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty59
13999520481William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England60
13999520482Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law61
13999520483Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects62
13999520484Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.63
13999520485Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control64
13999520486Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV65
13999520487Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops66
13999520488Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God67
13999520489Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems68
13999520490Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance69
13999520491Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities70
13999520492Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia71
13999520493Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han72
13999520494Jinshititle given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office73
13999520495Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia74
13999520496WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism75
13999520497Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.76
13999520498Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin77
13999520499JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula78
13999520500Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency79
13999520501Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.80
13999520502Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army81
13999520503Fujiwaramid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power82
13999520504Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies83
13999520505Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor84
13999520506Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor85
13999520507Gempei warsWaged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age86
13999520508Bakufumilitary government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai87
13999520509Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu88
13999520510Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states89
13999520511Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions90
13999520512Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence91
13999520513Trung Sistersleaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society92
13999520514Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi93
13999520515Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi94
13999520516Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122795
13999520517Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits96
13999520518Batugrandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 123697
13999520519Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c98
13999520520Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire99
13999520521Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad100
13999520522MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260101
13999520523Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271102
13999520524White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty103
13999520525Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire104
13999520526Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China105
13999520527Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history106
13999520528Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam107
13999520542Silk Road Trade system108
13999520543Kingdom of Mali109
13999520529Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems110
13999520530Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place111
13999520531Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase112
13999520532Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas113
13999520533Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..114
13999520534Effect of Muslim conquestscollapse of other empires, mass conversion115
13999520535Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence116
13999520536Black Deathplague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.117
13999520544Indian Ocean Maritime Trade118
13999520537Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu119
13999520538Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people120
13999520539New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange121
13999520545Bantu Migrations122
13999520540footbindingbegan during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming123
13999520541Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan124

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