Terms : Hide Images
| 6726810203 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 6726811791 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within Bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children | 1 | |
| 6726816422 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 2 | |
| 6726823468 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 3 | |
| 6726830083 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 4 | |
| 6726833189 | Muhammad | Prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh(570-632) | 5 | |
| 6726839099 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 6 | |
| 6726844693 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 7 | |
| 6726850763 | Zakat | tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims | 8 | |
| 6726854298 | Five Pillars | obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 9 | |
| 6726858345 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 10 | |
| 6726863554 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 11 | |
| 6726866633 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 12 | |
| 6726871106 | Ridda | following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam | 13 | |
| 6726877294 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 14 | |
| 6726886162 | Mu'awiya | non-Arab converts to Islam | 15 | |
| 6727004786 | Jizya | head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands | 16 | |
| 6727008019 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 17 | |
| 6727017195 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 18 | |
| 6727020748 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 19 | |
| 6727024632 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasids | 20 | |
| 6727028399 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants | 21 | |
| 6727213906 | Ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids | 22 | |
| 6727218018 | Al-Mahdi | 3rd Abbasid caliph (775-785); failed to reconcile Shi'a moderates to his dynasty and to resolve the succession problem | 23 | |
| 6727221774 | Harun al-Rashid | most famous of the Abbasid caliphs (786-809); renowned for sumptuous and costly living recounted in The Thousand and One Nights | 24 | |
| 6727224755 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad | 25 | |
| 6727228392 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 26 | |
| 6727233231 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 27 | |
| 6727609122 | Salah-ud-Din | Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms | 28 | |
| 6727612182 | Ibn Khaldun | great Muslim historian; author The Muqaddimah; sought to uncover persisting patterns in Muslim dynasty history | 29 | |
| 6727613817 | Al-Razi | classified all matter as animal, vegetable, and mineral | 30 | |
| 6727618290 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for conservative & restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 31 | |
| 6727621443 | Al-Ghazali | brilliant Islamic theologian; attempted to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions | 32 | |
| 6727625629 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 33 | |
| 6727628819 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph | 34 | |
| 6727635551 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 35 | |
| 6727655392 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 36 | |
| 6727655393 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | Arab general who conquered Sind and made it part of the Umayyad Empire | 37 |
