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| 12719587603 | absolutism | concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France |  | 0 |
| 12719587610 | Columbian Exchange | global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas |  | 1 |
| 12719587617 | tsar, czar | Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar) |  | 2 |
| 12719587628 | Creoles | in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents |  | 3 |
| 12719587629 | mestizo | mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry |  | 4 |
| 12719587630 | mulattoes | mixed Spanish and African ancestry |  | 5 |
| 12719587637 | Protestant | a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation |  | 6 |
| 12719587642 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire |  | 7 |
| 12719587643 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire |  | 8 |
| 12719587646 | Akbar | Ruler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire. |  | 9 |
| 12719587655 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | last of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism |  | 10 |
| 12719587656 | Shah Ismail I | founder of the Safavid dynasty, Persia, modern-day Iran. |  | 11 |
| 12719587657 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors |  | 12 |
| 12719587660 | Scientific Revolution | a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700. Renaissance -> Scientific Revolution -> Enlightenment. | 13 | |
| 12719587668 | Prince Henry the Navigator | the first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold |  | 14 |
| 12719587674 | Ming Dynasty | 1368-1644, Dynasty who sent Zheng He on a series of naval voyages. Built the majority of the parts of the Great Wall that still exists. |  | 15 |
| 12719587675 | Zheng He | • Chinese admiral and diplomat during Ming dynasty • explored as far as Africa • traded & collected tribute |  | 16 |
| 12719587676 | Qing Dynasty | AKA Manchus (ethnic group). TAfricanhe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries |  | 17 |
| 12719587680 | Tokugawa Period | 1603-1867 period of rule during which the Tokugawa family held power as Shoguns. Pax Tokugawa. Generally isolationist, but traded with the Portuguese, who brought the first guns to Japan. |  | 18 |
| 12719587681 | Songhay Empire | 1464-1591. Became the dominate kingdom in West Africa after Mail collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. Islamic. |  | 19 |
