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| 6725318245 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer (1497-1498) led first naval expedition from Europe to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 0 | |
| 6725321138 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner in service of Spain led expeditions across Atlantic, reestablishing contact between peoples of Americas and Old World, opening way to Spanish conquest/colonization. | 1 | |
| 6725324148 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator led Spanish expedition (1519-1522) first to sail around the world. | 2 | |
| 6725327656 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies obtained government monopolies of trade to India/Asia; acted independently in their regions | 3 | |
| 6725329468 | World economy | Created by Europeans during late 16c based on control of seas; established international exchange of food, diseases, manufactured products | 4 | |
| 6725331753 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between Americas and rest of world following Columbus's voyages | 5 | |
| 6725335518 | Core nations | Nations, usually European, profited from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials | 6 | |
| 6725337087 | Mercantilism | Colonial economic policy, colonizing nation must import only from its own colonies, but sell exports as widely as possible | 7 | |
| 6725339591 | Dependent economic zones | regions within world economy produced raw materials; dependent upon European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor | 8 | |
| 6725341673 | Mestizos | people of mixed European/Native American heritage | 9 | |
| 6725344597 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer; arrived in the Americas in 1502; successfully attacked the Inca Empire | 10 | |
| 6725349975 | New France | French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down Mississippi River valley system | 11 | |
| 6725349976 | Atlantic colonies | British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia | 12 | |
| 6725371604 | Treaty of Paris | concluded in 1763 following the Seven Years' War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India | 13 | |
| 6725395281 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from Asia; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans | 14 | |
| 6725402716 | Boers | Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th century British occupation; later called Afrikaners | 15 | |
| 6725434575 | Calcutta | British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal | 16 | |
| 6725437269 | Seven Years' War | fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia (also the Americas during the French and Indian War) between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war | 17 | |
| 6725446399 | Italian Renaissance | 14th and 15th century movement influencing political forms, literature, and the arts; consisted largely of a revival of classical culture | 18 | |
| 6725448318 | Niccolo Machiavelli | author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power | 19 | |
| 6725452185 | Humanism | philosophy, or ideology, with a focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor | 20 | |
| 6725455362 | Northern Renaissance | cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion that the Italian Renaissance | 21 | |
| 6725459004 | Johannes Gutenberg | - introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials | 22 | |
| 6725464412 | European-style family | emerged in the 15th century; involved a later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family | 23 | |
| 6725467486 | Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith for gaining salvation in place of Catholic sacraments; rejected papal authority | 24 | |
| 6725471720 | Protestantism | general wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517 | 25 | |
| 6725475605 | Anglican church | form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII | 26 | |
| 6725478172 | Jean Calvin | French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva; in the long run encouraged wide public education and access to government | 27 | |
| 6725484387 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine | 28 | |
| 6725486582 | Jesuits | Catholic religious order founded during Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe | 29 | |
| 6725492869 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after length civil wars between Catholics and Protestants | 30 | |
| 6725496230 | Thirty Years War | 1618-1648, fought between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction | 31 | |
| 6725498797 | Treaty of Westphalia | ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence | 32 | |
| 6725504408 | English Civil War | 1640-1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy | 33 | |
| 6725508670 | Proletariat | class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries | 34 | |
| 6725512294 | Witchcraft persecution | outburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the poor, especially women | 35 |
