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| 270360124 | Where did the earliest known, fully human species live? | In east Africa about 2.5 million years ago | 0 | |
| 270360125 | How big were populations? | they remained small and people lived in small groups | 1 | |
| 270360126 | Who were the most advanced of the human species? | Homo sapiens sapiens | 2 | |
| 270360127 | Where did the Homo sapiens sapiens migrate from and to? | from Africa into the Middle East, then into Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas | 3 | |
| 270360128 | What did Early humans develop? | tools, first using stones, sticks, & other natural objects | 4 | |
| 270360129 | What was a radical change in humans' way of life? | the development of agriculture | 5 | |
| 270360130 | What did providing a dependable source of food allow? | it allowed people to live in larger groups | 6 | |
| 270360131 | Later on, toolmaking technology advanced with what discovery? | metalworking, which in turn further increased agricultural production | 7 | |
| 270360132 | What did increased production do? | It freed some members of the society to perform other kinds of work. This in turn encouraged a further series of organizational changes we call civilization. | 8 | |
| 270360133 | Where did early civilizations arise? | in 5 different sites; four of them along the fertile shores of great rivers; at least 3 & possibly all 5 of these early civilizations arose entirely independently of each other | 9 | |
| 270360134 | What were average workdays like? | short, leaving a good bit of time for rest, ritual, and play. Warfare was limited | 10 | |
| 270360135 | When did more serious wars develop? | only when societies became more advanced | 11 | |
| 270360136 | What were the roles of men and women? | important but separate economic tasks, & overall formal inequality was usually limited | 12 | |
| 270360137 | What all occurred within the context of a hunting and-gathering economy? | the early changes in human history--evolutionary development, more advanced toolmaking, and the extensive migrations | 13 | |
| 270360138 | What did early civilizations provide? | social structures that could coordinate projects like irrigation | 14 | |
| 270360139 | When did the early civilizations also emerge? | after the invention of new kinds of tools; the wheel & metal hand tools, initially bronze, could increase agricultural production and transport | 15 | |
| 270360140 | What did agriculture alter? | family forms, for example, by encouraging higher birth rates; reduced migration; by creating a surplus of food, permitted a portion of the population to engage in occupations other than food production; the environment, sometimes resulting in overcultivation that depleted the soil | 16 | |
| 270360141 | What did agriculture lead to? | to the development of unprecedented levels of social inequality, including heightened inequality between men and women | 17 | |
| 270360142 | What did surplus food allow? | allowed humans to live in larger groups, & by doing so it created new vulnerability to communicable diseases | 18 | |
| 270360143 | What were states and cities? | more formal political structures--larger urban centers--places to exchange goods and ideas that could further the direction of agricultural economies | 19 | |
| 270360144 | Civilizations also helped direct many of the surpluses of agricultural economies to upper-class groups, such as what? | rulers, landlords, and sometimes priests | 20 | |
| 270360145 | How fast did changes take place? | very slowly; many people remained attached to old ways | 21 | |
| 270360146 | Why did taking the risk of innovation probably seem dangerous? | because the food supply was so precarious | 22 | |
| 270360147 | What did hunting-and-gathering societies depend on? | on a relatively low birth rate, with few children per family; too many children would overwhelm resources, & no family could easily transport more than one young child during migration | 23 | |
| 270360148 | As infant mortality rates were high, how was childhood defined? | defined in terms of work | 24 | |
| 270360149 | What did civilizations use? | codes of law & other prescriptions to emphasize the duties of children to their families | 25 | |
| 270360150 | What did all agricultural civilizations emphasize? | the authority of parents over children and children's obligation to obey their parents | 26 | |
| 270360151 | Some law codes, as in early Judaism, allowed what? | allowed parents to kill disobedient children; "No parent is ever wrong" | 27 |
