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| 4428706860 | Portugal | Kingdom that spawned a lot of exploration. Located on the Iberian Peninsula. Home to many skilled seamen who explored the islands near them | 0 | |
| 4428711782 | Philippines | Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Magellan sailed there while circumnavigating the globe. Unfortunately, he was killed there while in a political dispute. | 1 | |
| 4428725701 | Java | Island eventually controlled by the Dutch. Important trade area. | 2 | |
| 4428728175 | Siberia | Northern European area. Russia tried to (and eventually, sort of did) conquer it. | 3 | |
| 4428738155 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer. Sailed all the way from Portugal, around Africa, to India. First person to do so. | 4 | |
| 4428744406 | Prince Henry | Portuguese princes. Called "Henry the Navigator", who encouraged expeditions to west Africa. He wanted to trade, form alliances with Muslim leaders, and spread Christianity. | 5 | |
| 4428751047 | Marco Polo | Venetian traveler that traveled across Eurasia and spent time in China under Khubilai Khan's rule. | 6 | |
| 4428756014 | Captain James Cook | Pacific explorer. Deeply interested in Pacific culture, and charted Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawaii, putting them on European maps. | 7 | |
| 4428763194 | Sternpost Rudder | Chinese invention. It was a rudder built into the stern of a ship that increased maneuverability. | 8 | |
| 4428767787 | Lateen Sail | Indian invention. More able to catch crosswinds than square sails. Helped make ships more efficient. | 9 | |
| 4428772423 | Compass and Astrolabe | Navigational tools used to determine direction and location. Hugely important to trade and exploration by sea. | 10 | |
| 4428777228 | Volta do Mar | Portuguese concept of following wind currents rather than going against the wind. Faster, safer, and more reliable | 11 | |
| 4428784645 | Circumnavigation | Sailing around the world. First done by Magellan and his crew. | 12 | |
| 4428787541 | Joint Stock Company | People invested money in trading companies. Made trade more efficient. | 13 | |
| 4428790888 | Seven Years War | Global conflict mainly between Europeans and their allied indigenous peoples in an attempt to gain hegemony. | 14 | |
| 4428797601 | Columbian Exchange | Diffusion of biological, demographical, and cultural aspects that began after European exploration. | 15 | |
| 4428801164 | Spanish Galleons | Types of ships used along trade and exploration. Efficient and safe. They could carry larger cargoes. | 16 | |
| 4428806299 | English East India Co. and Dutch VOC | Part of joint stock companies that facilitated trade and encouraged investment in trade. | 17 | |
| 4428813779 | Martin Luther | Priest against indulgences. Led a movement that eventually led to the reformation by starting his own branch of Christianity | 18 | |
| 4428817961 | Protestants | People who protested the corruption of the Roman Catholic church. | 19 | |
| 4428820950 | Anglicans | People belonging to the Church of England | 20 | |
| 4428822314 | Henry VIII | King of England. Split away from Catholic Church and began Anglican Church. | 21 | |
| 4428825921 | John Calvin | Began Protestant community in Geneva, sent out missionaries, gained followers. | 22 | |
| 4428829380 | St. Ignatius Loyola | Founder of Society of Jesus. He and followers were dedicated to the Catholic church. | 23 | |
| 4428834028 | Jesuits | Members of Society of Jesus that were dedicated to the catholic church. Acted as missionaries and defenders of their faith. | 24 | |
| 4428838439 | Charles V | Inherited Habsburg's authority, had a lot of places he controlled. Mostly dealt with the Lutheran rebellions, didn't establish lasting empire. Originally HRE. | 25 | |
| 4428845556 | Habsburg | Family that married into a lot of royal positions, had a lot of influence in Europe | 26 | |
| 4428852570 | Cardial Richeliue | Minister to King Luis XIII of France. Began building absolutism in France. | 27 | |
| 4428857127 | Louis XIV | King of France. Solidified absolutist reign in France. Built Versailles, kept nobles happy with wealth and entertainment. | 28 | |
| 4428862778 | Adam Smith | Scottish philosopher that was concerned with efficiency of labor. Considered to be the father of modern economics. | 29 | |
| 4428868205 | Ptolmey | Greek scholar. His theory of the universe (that it revolved around the earth) was what people believed for a long time. | 30 | |
| 4428875200 | Copernicus | Believed that the Earth revolved around the sun, not the other way around. People didn't like his idea that much. | 31 | |
| 4428878146 | Galileo | Italian scientist. Observed the heavens with a telescope, proved heavenly bodies were not perfect, saw new stars | 32 | |
| 4428882183 | Kepler | German scientist. Proved planetary orbits were elliptical. | 33 | |
| 4428884717 | Newton | English mathematician. Did a TON in physics. Defined gravity. | 34 | |
| 4428887755 | Locke | Studied political laws and promoted constitutional government. English. | 35 | |
| 4428893312 | Montesquieu | French. Wanted to establish political science and liberty. | 36 | |
| 4428896104 | Voltaire | Believed in personal freedom. Wrote a lot. Made fun of church and French monarchy. | 37 | |
| 4428899141 | Romanovs | Russian ruling family for 300+ years. Contributed tons to the Russian government, culture, and society. | 38 | |
| 4428903885 | Peter I | Russian King. Wanted to have a strong army. Super important. | 39 | |
| 4428906736 | Catherine II | Successor to Peter I. Helped contribute a lot to government. Split Russia into 50 provinces. Wanted to make Russia a great power. | 40 | |
| 4428914338 | Pugachev | Russian guy. Started a rebellion, killed thousands of people. | 41 | |
| 4428917011 | Ninety Five Theses | Document written by Martin Luther that spoke out against indulgences. | 42 | |
| 4428919787 | Protestant Reformation | Movement in Europe to protest the corruption of the catholic church, resulted in new Christian churches. | 43 | |
| 4428922980 | Catholic Reformation | Response to Protestant Reformation. made changes to catholic church by clarifying doctrine, etc. | 44 | |
| 4428928394 | Council of Trent | Assembly of church officials that met to clarify certain doctrines and do away with certain practices. | 45 | |
| 4428933534 | Spanish Armada | Fleet of Spanish warships. Very powerful navy. | 46 | |
| 4428937164 | 30 Years War | Conflict between most of Europe that was really a cumulative effect of tension between countries. | 47 | |
| 4428942808 | Inquisition | Founded by Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain to question Muslims, Jews, and anybody considered a threat to their country. Very harsh punishments. | 48 | |
| 4428951657 | Constitutional States | England, Netherlands. Had limited powers as rulers. Had some form of representative institution, written constitution. | 49 | |
| 4428958814 | Absolutism | Monarch has all power. No representation, believed rulers had divine right from God. Included Russia, France, and Spain. | 50 | |
| 4428963796 | Capitalism | Private businesses producing their own goods and services. | 51 | |
| 4428966773 | Putting-Out System | Business people gave raw materials to peasants who did the work, and then merchants sold the goods. | 52 | |
| 4428970256 | Scientific Revolution | Period of time where scientists delved deeper and questioned some of the previous scientific ideas. | 53 | |
| 4428975075 | Enlightenment | Followers wanted to discover natural laws to provide answers. Centered in France. | 54 | |
| 4428978586 | Philosophe | French philosophers that dedicated their time to Enlightenment. | 55 | |
| 4428982540 | Deism | The belief that there was some powerful god that created the universe, but doesn't take interest in its people. Very rational, organized. | 56 | |
| 4428987982 | Tsar | Russian king. Had absolute power, and a divine right to rule. | 57 | |
| 4428991143 | Hispaniola | Spanish base in Caribbean- modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic. Established by Christopher Columbus. | 58 | |
| 4428998242 | Mexico City | Spanish capital of Mexico (New Spain). Rebuilt over Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Merged Aztec and Spanish culture. | 59 | |
| 4429044441 | Lima | Spanish capital of Peru. Accessible port for Spanish ships. On coast of Peru. | 60 | |
| 4429049563 | Quebec | Located in Canada. Established by French settlers. | 61 | |
| 4429053930 | New Amsterdam | Dutch settlement that quickly fell to English control. Renamed New York. | 62 | |
| 4429056672 | Guam and Marina Islands | Islands in the Pacific. Explored/dealt with by Spanish. | 63 | |
| 4429060636 | Australia | Southern continent mainly left alone by Europeans for a long time until British established a penal colony there after limited exploration. | 64 | |
| 4429066890 | Tainos | People living natively in the Caribbean. First American people to have contact with Europeans. Used as laborers, virtually wiped out as a society. | 65 | |
| 4429071228 | Cortes | Spanish conquistador that led conquests of Aztec Kingdoms. Fathered Doña Maria's son, killed a bunch of rulers. Took down the Aztec Empire. | 66 | |
| 4429078299 | Montezuma | Aztec emperor that was killed by Spanish forces. | 67 | |
| 4429080834 | Pizarro | Another Spanish conquistador that helped establish Spanish rule in S. America. He toppled the Incan empire, raided their treasury, and killed the emperor. | 68 | |
| 4429085959 | Atahualpa | Inca emperor that was killed by Spanish conquistadors. His murder brought an end to the Inca's empire. | 69 | |
| 4429089847 | Cabeza de Vaca | Spanish Adventurer. | 70 | |
| 4429093596 | Encomienda | Institution in the Caribbean that gave Spanish settlers the right to coerce Taino into labor. Settlers were then responsible for their workers' health and salvation through Christianity. | 71 | |
| 4429097547 | Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors that went to the Americas in search of more opportunities for exploitation. | 72 | |
| 4429102165 | Viceroys | Administrators appointed by the Spanish king to rule under his command over Spanish colonies in S. America and Mesoamerica. | 73 | |
| 4429107403 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided S. America between Spain and Portugal. Separated by Catholic church to prevent Spanish and Portuguese from fighting. | 74 | |
| 4429114349 | Mestizo | "mixed"- in S. America, people from all cultures mixed with each other. Mestizo in particular were of Spanish and indigenous descent. | 75 | |
| 4429120421 | Peninsulare | Migrants that were born in Europe, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Top of Spanish social hierarchy. | 76 | |
| 4429126666 | Mulattoes | Mix of Portuguese and Africans. Contributed to mixed society. Originally not part of society, gradually mixed even more. | 77 | |
| 4429131221 | Zambo | Indigenous and African descent. Interracial marriage and relations were common. | 78 | |
| 4429134563 | Creoles | People born in the Americas from Iberian parents. Below Peninsulare in social status | 79 | |
| 4429138057 | Quinto | 1/5 of the silver mined in the Americas that was reserved for the Spanish crown. Helped world-wide economy and brought a ton of wealth to Spain. | 80 | |
| 4429145116 | Hacienda | Spanish estate in the Americas that produced goods and foodstuffs for its own inhabitants, as well as nearby miners. | 81 | |
| 4429149916 | Repartimiento | Replaced encomienda in Spanish America. Still a labor system, but natives were paid. | 82 | |
| 4429155782 | Engenho | Sugar mill. Later, term was used to encompass the whole compound on which sugar was farmed and produced. Used in Brazil | 83 | |
| 4429159897 | Smallpox | Deadly disease brought to the Americas by conquerors/settlers. Since Native Americans were not immune to smallpox, populations were wiped out drastically by outbreaks of the disease. | 84 | |
| 4429167852 | Audiencias | Panels of judges appointed by the Spanish king to act as a check on the viceroys' power. These judges observed and monitored viceroy's behavior to ensure that they remained loyal to their king. | 85 | |
| 4429177061 | Gao | Trading city and capital of the Songhay empire. Participated in Trans-Saharan. | 86 | |
| 4429181916 | Timbuktu | City along Trans-Saharan trade route. Participated in gold/salt/slave trade. | 87 | |
| 4429185279 | Fulani | In West Africa. People practiced strict Islam, gained a lot of power. | 88 | |
| 4429189337 | Congo (Zaire) River | River in Africa around the kingdom of Kongo | 89 | |
| 4429198156 | Kongo | Kingdom in Subsaharan Africa. Had a lot of contact with Portuguese. | 90 | |
| 4429206469 | Ndongo (Angola) | Subsaharan African city-state. Colony established by Portuguese. Active participants in slave trade. | 91 | |
| 4429210110 | Capetown | Trading post built by Dutch in South Africa. Colony. | 92 | |
| 4429215565 | Dahomey | Tribe of Africans that actively participated in the slave trade. They raided villages and assisted in enslaving fellow Africans. | 93 | |
| 4429221942 | Haiti | Home to a successful slave revolt. Slaves simply declared themselves independent from France and sectioned off part of the Caribbean island and called it Haiti | 94 | |
| 4429228420 | Sunni Ali | Songhay ruler that conquered land around him and solidified Songhay rule. Established strong army. Good admin. | 95 | |
| 4429236367 | King Alfonso I | Kongolese king who converted to Christianity and was a devout Roman Catholic. Wanted to convert the rest of his kingdom. | 96 | |
| 4429273226 | Queen Nzinga | Angolan queen. Seriously awesome. Often cross-dressed to establish dominance. Resisted Portuguese conquest. Rallied a lot of central Africa against the Portuguese. | 97 | |
| 4429283821 | Dona Beatriz | Kongolese woman that performed miracles and began the Antonian movement. She blended a lot of African beliefs with Christianity | 98 | |
| 4429295198 | Olaudah Equinano | West African slave that later became free and published an autobiography. Helped rally for the abolition of slavery. | 99 | |
| 4429300019 | Diaspora | Forced migration and distribution of Africans to the Caribbean and the Americas. | 100 | |
| 4429304254 | Antonian Movement | Christianity as taught by Dona Beatriz, taught that Jesus was black and that heaven was for Africans. Had a large following. | 101 | |
| 4429310528 | Triangular Trade | Merchants sailed from Europe to Africa, exchanging goods for slaves, then sailed to the Americas where slaves were exchanged for sugar/molassas | 102 | |
| 4429319195 | Middle Passage | Journey from Africa to the Americas with human cargo. Terrible, filthy conditions. 25% of enslaved Africans didn't make the journey and died along the way. | 103 | |
| 4429327900 | Indigo | Cash crop cultivated mainly by slave labor on plantations in the Americas. | 104 | |
| 4429330877 | Plantation System | Farms primarily for the cultivation of cash crops, inhabited by African slaves and European overseers. | 105 | |
| 4429335337 | Maroons | Runaway slaves that started communities and helped organize additional slaves' escapes. | 106 | |
| 4429340517 | Nanjing | Mongol capital of China during Quan Dynasty. | 107 | |
| 4429345535 | Macau | City visited by Matteo Ricci | 108 | |
| 4429348250 | Edo (Tokyo) | Capital of Japan. Shoguns inspired daimyos to live alternating years (or so) to keep them under control. | 109 | |
| 4429351939 | Manchuria | Land north of China. Manchus invaded China, began Qing dynasty. | 110 | |
| 4429355285 | Matteo Ricci | Roman catholic missionary. Introduced mechanized clocks to China. | 111 | |
| 4429359072 | Ming | "Brilliant" dynasty in China. Brought Chinese identity back after Mongol rule. | 112 | |
| 4429362149 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar, Qing ruler, conquered Taiwan, parts of eastern Asia, very scholarly. | 113 | |
| 4429370528 | Zheng He | Eunuch admiral from Qing dynasty. Led Chinese maritime explorations. | 114 | |
| 4429375174 | Tokugawa | Established unified military government "bakufu" in Japan. | 115 | |
| 4429380542 | Qianlong | Grandson of Kangxi. Also conquered places. Ruled during the height of the Qing dynasty. Very wealthy. Delegated stuff. Marked an era of prosperity. | 116 | |
| 4429392506 | Queue | Braided ponytail required by Qing emperors for subjects to wear. | 117 | |
| 4429398425 | Scholar Gentry | Group of highly educated men that made up the majority of the bureaucracy. | 118 | |
| 4429404222 | Neo-Confucianism | Began (sort of) by Zhu Xi, in Song dynasty. Combined confucian and buddhist ideas. | 119 | |
| 4429407931 | Bakufu | "Temporary government" in Japan, established by Tokugawa. Basically put shoguns in charge. | 120 | |
| 4429413403 | Daimyo | Basically ruling lords in Japan. Power was limited by the shoguns. | 121 | |
| 4429417405 | Native Learning | People who scorned learning from other cultures and promoted strictly Japanese knowledge. | 122 | |
| 4429424051 | Floating Worlds | Places of pleasure (teahouses, bath houses, brothels, theaters) prominent during the Tokugawa dynasty. | 123 | |
| 4429430654 | Ottoman Empire | Empire of Muslims. Mostly in the Middle East, parts of Europe, coast of northern Africa. | 124 | |
| 4429435693 | Goa | Portuguese colony in India, center for Christian mission. | 125 | |
| 4429447603 | Mughal Empire | Located mainly in India, southern Asia. | 126 | |
| 4429451616 | Fatehpur Sikri | City planned and built by Akbar, Mughal empire. | 127 | |
| 4429454162 | Shah Jahan | Emperor of Mughal India. Built Taj Mahal and Peacock Throne. | 128 | |
| 4429458795 | Babur | Founder of Mughal empire, wanted to have a powerful, wealthy empire in India. | 129 | |
| 4429461311 | Osman Bey | Founder of the Ottoman Empire, established ghazi to assist him in building an empire. | 130 | |
| 4429468411 | Hurrem Sultana (Roxelana) | Favored wife of Suleyman, had actual part in politics. Highly trusted by husband, ensured own child as heir. | 131 | |
| 4429473939 | Mehmed | Captured Constantinople | 132 | |
| 4429475815 | Akbar | Mughal ruler. Intelligent, no-nonsense, tolerant. | 133 | |
| 4429481532 | Suleyman the Magnificent | Ottoman empire. Reign marked peak of empire. Expanded territory, consolidated power, spread in SW Asia, Europe. | 134 | |
| 4429489178 | Aurangzeb | Expanded Mughal empire, stopped being tolerant of religions. | 135 | |
| 4429492020 | Peacock Throne | Expensive, fancy throne built by Shah Jahan. Showed how wealthy Mughal India was. | 136 | |
| 4429497378 | Ghazi | Muslim religious warriors. Supposed to help "purify" the earth. | 137 | |
| 4429501993 | Devshirme | Ottoman institution that required Christian boys of the Balkans to become the sultan's slaves and ultimately led to civil service/military. | 138 | |
| 4429508840 | Jainssaries | Military force (Ottoman) that was made up of enslaved boys. Immensely powerful, loyal, and innovative. | 139 | |
| 4429516113 | Siege of Vienna | Suleyman seized Vienna as he went along conquering everything. Terrifying, apparently. | 140 | |
| 4429524714 | Kanun | Legal edicts issued by Ottoman Sultans, laws. | 141 | |
| 4429528104 | Divine Faith | Syncretic religion encouraged by Akbar. | 142 | |
| 4429531173 | Dhimmi | "Protected people"- people living in Islamic empires, didn't need to convert to Islam, retained some rights. | 143 | |
| 4429538483 | Jizya | Tax required of non-Muslims (dhimmi) to pay. | 144 | |
| 4429541220 | Topkapi | Ottoman palace in Istanbul | 145 | |
| 4429543060 | Taj Mahal | Monument built by Shah Jahan for his late wife as well as his Islamic faith. | 146 | |
| 4429546101 | Wahhabi Movement | Islamic religious movement against Ottomans from Arabia, very conservative. Didn't think Turks were legitimate rulers. | 147 |
