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AP World History Review Flashcards

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9476072324paleolithic ageage of use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence0
9476072325homo sapiens sapiensthe human species that emerfed as most successful at the end of the paleolithic period1
9476072326neolithic ageage of use of adaptation of sedentary architecture; domestication of animals and plants2
9476072327neolithic revolutionsuccession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture3
9476072328hunting and gatheringmeans of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture4
9476072329bronze ageage when bronze tools were first introduced to the middle east5
9476072330slash and burn agriculturea system of cultivation when forest floors cleared by fire are planted6
9476072331bandsa group of nomadic hunters consisting of 20 to 30 people7
9476072332Çatal Hüyükearly urban culture based on sedentary agriculture8
9476072333civilizationsocieties distinguished by sedentary agriculture, production of food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites9
9476072334cuneiforma form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets10
9476072335nomadscattle and sheep herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies11
9476072336Mesopotamiathe civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys12
9476072337Sumerianspeople who migrated into Mesopotamia and organized the first civilization there and and created city-states13
9476072338zigguratsmassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes14
9476072339city-statesa form of Mesopotamian political organizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based kings15
9476072340Babyloniansunified all of Mesopotamia; collapsed during foreign invasion16
9476072341Hammurabithe most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law17
9476072342pharoahtitle of kings of ancient Egypt18
9476072343pyramidsmonumental architecture in Egypt used to bury pharoahs19
9476072344Kushan African states created on the upper Nile that conquered and ruled Egypt for centuries20
9476072345Indus River Valleylocation of Harappan civilization21
9476072346Harappaalong with Mohenjo-daro major urban complex of the Harappan civilization22
9476072347Mohenjo-daroa major urban complex of Harappan civilization; along with Harappa23
9476072348Huanghe (Yellow) Riversite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China24
9476072349ideographic writingpictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts25
9476072350Shangfirst Chinese dynasty26
9476072351Phoeniciansseafaring civilization that established colonies throughout the Mediterranean27
9476072352mandate of heaventhe divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers28
9476072353monotheismthe exclusive worship of a single god29
9476072354Daoismphilosophy that stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force30
9476072355Qindynasty established at the end of the Warring States period after the Zhou dynasty31
9476072356Shi Huangdifounder of the brief Qin dynasty32
9476072357Zhouvassal family of Shang China that overthrew Shang and established second dynasty of China33
9476072358Confuciusfounded philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi34
9476072359Great WallChinese construction meant to keep out nomadic invaders; initiated during the Qin dynasty by Shi Huangdi35
9476072360Handynasty that ruled after the Qin for 400 years36
9476072361Silk Roadstrading route established by pastoral nomads that connected Europe, India, and China and transmitted goods and ideas throughout the civilizations37
9476072362Alexander the GreatSuccessor of Philip II; conquered Persian empire and tried to combine Greek and Persian cultures38
9476072363monsoonseasonal winds crossing India and southeast Asia; brings rains during summer39
9476072364AryanIndo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society40
9476072365sanskritthe sacred and classical Indian language41
9476072366vedasaryan hymns written down in sacred books42
9476072367untouchableslowest caste in Indian society who performed undesirable tasks43
9476072368Indrachief deity of the Aryans44
9476072369Chandragupta Mauryafounder of Maurya dynasty; first centralized government since Harappan civilaization45
9476072370Mauryan dynastydynasty established in India established after Alexander's invasion46
9476072371Ashokagrandson of Chandragupta Maurya; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout the empire47
9476072372dharmathe caste position and career determined by a person's birth48
9476072373Kushansdynasty after the Mauryas; sponsors of Buddhism49
9476072374Guptasdynasty after the Kushans; less centralized than the Mauryan empire50
9476072375Kautilyapolitical advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; believed in scientific application of warfare51
9476072376gurusBrahmans who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of Guptas52
9476072377Vishnuthe Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice53
9476072378Shivathe Brahman, later Hindu, god destruction and reproduction54
9476072379reincarnationthe successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives55
9476072380Buddhacreater of Buddhism; taught that enlightenment could only be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things56
9476072381nirvanathe Buddhist state of enlightenment57
9476072382stupasstone shrines built to house possessions of the Buddha58
9476072383Cyrus the Greatestablished massive Persian empire59
9476072384zoroastrianismanimist religion that saw material existence as battle between good and evil; stressed moral choice; chief religion of Persian empire60
9476072385olympic gamesone of the pan-Hellenistic rituals observed by all of Greece; involved athletic competitions and rituals61
9476072386PericlesAthenian political leader that guided the development of Athens during the Peloponnesian wars62
9476072387Peloponnesian Warswars between Athens and Sparta over dominance of southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but did not achieve political unification of Greece63
9476072388Philip II of Macedonfounder of centralized kingdom of Macedon; conquered Greece; father of Alexander64
9476072389Hellenistic Periodculture associated with Greek influence due to Macedonian conquests; combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms65
9476072390AlexandriaEgyptian city founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterraneans largest library66
9476072391Roman republicbalanced constitution of Rome; featured a senate, magistrates, and other assemblies67
9476072392Punic Warsfought between Rome and Carthage over dominance in western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts68
9476072393Carthagea major port and commercial power in western Mediterranean; fought in Punic Wars against Rome69
9476072394HannibalGreat Carthiginian general during Second Punic War; failed to conquer Rome70
9476072395Julius CaesarRoman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; came back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated by conservative senators71
9476072396Augustus Caesarfirst emperor of Rome; defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra72
9476072397DiocletianRoman emperor who restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection73
9476072398ConstantineRoman emperor who established 2nd capital at Constantinople; tried to use Christianity to unify empire74
9476072399poliscity-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization75
9476072400direct democracyrule of the people; all decisions came from popular assembly without intervention of elected officials76
9476072401senateassembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic77
9476072402consulstwo chief executives/magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by annual assembly dominated by aristocracy78
9476072403Ciceroconservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; a great orator79
9476072404AristotleGreek philosopher; teacher of Alexander; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world80
9476072405StoicsHellenistic group of philosopher; emphasized inner moral independence by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery81
9476072406SocratesAthenian philosopher; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions82
9476072407PlatoGreek philosopher; considered ideal forms outside material world; proposed form of government based on abstract principles83
9476072408SophoclesGreek writer of tragedies; (Oedipus series)84
9476072409Doricleast ornate of the three Hellenistic architectural styles85
9476072410Ionicmoderate style of Hellenistic architecture86
9476072411Corinthianthe most ornate style of Hellenistic architecture87
9476072412Axumkingdom in the Ethiopian highlands; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; first empire to convert to Christianity88
9476072413EthiopiaChristian kingdom; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion in Africa89
9476072414Saharadesert running across northern Africa that separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa90
9476072415Shintoismreligion of early Japanese culture; worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world91
9476072416Yellow TurbansChinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic92
9476072417Suidynasty after the Han; united northern China and conquered southern China93
9476072418Tangdynasty after and more stable than the Sui94
9476072419Rajputregional princes in India following collapse of empire; emphasized military control of their regions95
9476072420Devimother goddess in Hinduism; encouraged emotionalism in religious ritual96
9476072421islammajor world religion from the Arabian peninsula97
9476072422Allahsupreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam98
9476072423Byzantine empireeastern half of Roman empire after the collapse of the old western empire; capital at Constantinople99
9476072424Justinianeastern Roman emperor who tried to restore unity of old Roman empire; responsible for the Hagia Sofia100
9476072425Augustineinfluential church father and theologian born in Africa101
9476072426CoptsChristian sects of Egypt102
9476072427Jesusprophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah103
9476072428Paulone of the first Christian missionaries; ignored insistence that the new religion should follow Jewish law104
9476072429popebishop of Rome; head of the Christian church in western Europe105
9476072430Benedictfounder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman empire106
9476072431animisma religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and uses them to help explain nature107
9476072432Muslimsfollowers of islam108
9476072433Muhammadthe prophet of Islam109
9476072434Qu'ranthe holy book of Islam110
9476072435bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula111
9476072436shaykhstribal leaders of the bedouin112
9476072437Meccathe holy city of Islam113
9476072438Umayyadclan of quraysh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; later established a dynasty as the rulers of Islam114
9476072439Qurayshtribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca115
9476072440Medinabecame refuge for Muhammad after flight from Mecca (hijra)116
9476072441Khadijahthe first wife of Muhammad117
9476072442Alithe son-in-law/cousin of Muhammad; orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a118
9476072443ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam119
9476072444zakattax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims120
9476072445five pillarsobligatory religious duties for all Muslims121
9476072446RamadanIslamic holy month; fasting is observed122
9476072447hajjthe pilgrimage to Mecca obligatory for all Muslims123
9476072448caliphsuccessors to Muhammad124
9476072449abu bakrone of Muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of Islamic community125
9476072450Ridda Warswars after Muhammad's death; defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam126
9476072451jihadIslamic holy war127
9476072452NestoriansChristian sects found in southeast Asia128
9476072453uthmanthird caliph and member of Umayyad clan129
9476072454Battle of Siffinfought between Ali and the Umayyads130
9476072455mu'awiyaleader of Umayyad clan131
9476072456sunnisfollowers of the Umayyads132
9476072457shi'afollowers of Ali133
9476072458karbalasite of defeat and death of Ali's son Hulayu134
9476072459DamascusSyrian city that was the Umayyad capital135
9476072460mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam136
9476072461jizyahead tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories137
9476072462dhimmiJews and Christians in Islamic territories138
9476072463hadithstraditions of the prophet Muhammad139
9476072464Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads140
9476072465Battle on the River ZabAbbasid victory against the Umayyads when the Abbasids captured Syria141
9476072466Baghdadcapital of the Abbasid empire142
9476072467wazirchief administrative official under Abbasid caliphate143
9476072468dhowsArab sailing vessels that strongly influenced European ship design144
9476072469ayanthe wealthy elite during Abbasid rule145
9476072470al-mahdithird of the Abbasid caliphs; tried but failed to attract moderate Shi'a146
9476072471harun al-rashidAbbasif caliph renowned for costly living; death led to civil wars over succession147
9476072472buyidsregional splinter dynasty that captured and invaded Baghdad and ruled the Abbasid empire under the name Sultan148
9476072473seljuk turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis149
9476072474crusadesseries of military adventures launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims150
9476072475SaladinMuslim leader towards the end of the 12th century151
9476072476Ottoman empireturkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East152
9476072477shah-namawritten by Firdawsi; relates history of Persian to Islamic conquests153
9476072478ulamaorthodox religious scholars within Islam154
9476072479al-GhazaliIslamic theologian who tried to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions155
9476072480mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; killed last Abbasid caliph156
9476072481chinggis khanmongol khagan responsible for conquests of northern China and territories as far west as the Abbasid empire157
9476072482Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan; ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Baghdad158
9476072483MamluksMuslim slave warriors who defeated the mongols and halted their advance159
9476072484Muhammad Ibn Qasimarab general; conquered Sind in India; declared Sind and Indus valley part of the Umayyad empire160
9476072485Mahmud of Ghaznithird ruler of turkish slave dynasty; gave muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression161
9476072486Muhammad of Ghurmilitary commander of Persian extraction; began attempt to establish Muslim control in India162
9476072487Qutb-Ud-Din Aibaklieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at New Delhi and declared himself Sultan of India163
9476072488bhaktic cultsHindu groups dedicated to gods(esses); stressed importance of strong bonds between devotees and the god/ess who was the subject of their veneration164
9476072489Mira BaiHindu religious poet; showed women the openness of bhaktic cults165
9476072490KabirMuslim mystic; played down importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam166
9476072491Shrivijayatrading empire between Malaya and Sumatra; Buddhist government; its demise opened southeast Asia to Islam167
9476072492Malaccaportuguese factory that was a center for trade amongst southeastern Asian islands168
9476072493Demakmost powerful trading state on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other parts of Asia169
9476072494IfriqiyaArabic term for eastern north africa170
9476072495MaghribArabic term for western North Africa171
9476072496Almoravidspuritanical reformist movement among Islamic Berber tribes of north Africa172
9476072497AlmohadisIslamic Berber movement that penetrated sub-Saharan Africa173
9476072498Sahelextensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara174
9476072499Sudanic stateskingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; included Mali and Songhai175
9476072500juulaMalinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire176
9476072501Sundiatamember of the Keita clan; created the Mali empire177
9476072502Ibn BatutaArabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records178
9476072503Timbuktuport city of Mali; contained a library and a university179
9476072504Songhaisuccessor state to Mali; capital at Gao180
9476072505Muhammad the Greatextended the boundaries of the Songhai empire181
9476072506Hausapeople of northern Nigeria who foremed states after the demise of Songhai; combined Islamic and pagan traditions182
9476072507shariaIslamic law183
9476072508Nokculture featuring highly developed art style in forests of central Nigeria184
9476072509Yorubacity-state in northern Nigeria featured artistic style, agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling families and aristocracy185
9476072510Beninpowerful city-state in present day Nigeria and remained relatively free European influence186
9476072511Kongoagricultural kingdom on lower Congo River; capital at Mbanza Kongo and ruled by hereditary monarchy187
9476072512Great ZimbabweBantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers188
9476072513Hagia Sofianew church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian189
9476072514Belisariusone of Justinian's most important military commanders during reconquest of western Europe190
9476072515Greek fireByzantine weapon used to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople191
9476072516BulgariaSlavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire192
9476072517iconoclasmreligions controversy within the Byzantine Empire (emperor tried to suppress veneration of icons)193
9476072518Cyrilmissionary from Byzantine Empire who converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for Cyrillic194
9476072519Methodiusalong with Cyril converted southern Russia/Balkans to Orthodox Christianity195
9476072520Kievtrade city and capital in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders196
9476072521RurikScandinavian regarded as founder of first kingdom of Russia in Kiev197
9476072522Vladimir Iruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev who converted it to Christianity198
9476072523Russian orthodoxyRussian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire199
9476072524Yaroslavlast of Kievan monarchs who issued legal codification based on codes from Byzantine empire200
9476072525boyarsRussian aristocrats201
9476072526tatarsmongols who captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kieven state202
9476072527middle agesperiod in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman empire until the 15th century203
9476072528vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe204
9476072529manorialismsystem that described economic/political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages205
9476072530serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages206
9476072531moldboardheavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the middle ages207
9476072532three-field systemsystem of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe208
9476072533Clovisearly Frankish king who converted Franks to Christianity209
9476072534Carolingiansroyal house of Franks210
9476072535Charles MartelCarolingian monarch of Franks who defeated Muslims in Battle of Tours and ended Muslim threat to western Europe211
9476072536CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France in Germany212
9476072537holy Roman emperorsemperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire213
9476072538feudalismsocial organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiances and promises of loyal service214
9476072539vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty215
9476072540William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy; extended feudalism to England; established centralized monarchy216
9476072541Magna Cartagreat charter issued by King John that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims217
9476072542parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups218
9476072543key three estateschurch, nobles, and urban leaders219
9476072544hundred years' warconflict between England and France over lands England possessed in France220
9476072545Pope Urban IIcalled the first crusade221
9476072546Pope Gregory VIIpope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords222
9476072547investiturepractice of state appointment of bishops223
9476072548Peter Abelarduniversity scholar who applied logic to problems of theology224
9476072549Bernard of Claireveauxemphasized role of faith in preference to logic225
9476072550Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning226
9476072551scholasticismuse of logic to solve theological problems227
9476072552gothicarchitectural style during western Europe that featured pointed arches and flying buttresses228
9476072553Hanseatic Leaguean organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia to create a commercial alliance229
9476072554guildssworn associations of people of the same business or trade in a single city230
9476072555Black Deathplague that struck Europe during Dark Ages that significantly reduced its population and affected social structure231

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