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| 3825235835 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807. | 0 | |
| 3825242911 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents. | 1 | |
| 3825244175 | Tanzimat Reforms | Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876. | 2 | |
| 3825260976 | Young Turks | Determined to restore the 1876 constitution and resume far-reaching reforms within the empire. | 3 | |
| 3825244176 | Mamluks | Muslim Slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance. | 4 | |
| 3825246554 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able was to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848. | 5 | |
| 3825246555 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. | 6 | |
| 3825249146 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing. | 7 | |
| 3825249147 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1772; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus. | 8 | |
| 3825250776 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1838; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British point of trade. | 9 | |
| 3825250777 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. | 10 | |
| 3825253050 | Cixi | The ultraconservative dowager empress Cixi became the power behind the throne. In 1898, she and her faction crushed the most serious move toward reform. | 11 | |
| 3825253051 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials. | 12 | |
| 3825259082 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912. | 13 |
