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| 6057998861 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', scolded daughter for appearing in garments showing too muich body, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death | 0 | |
| 6057998862 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur, good soldier; expelled from India in 1540 by being forced to flee to Persia, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died by falling down stairs and hitting his head | 1 | |
| 6057998864 | Taj Mahal | beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife, major symbol of India | 2 | |
| 6057998865 | Suleyman The Magnificant | reign began 1520; led attacks on Europe, ruler who presided over the height of Ottoman dominance and cultural influence | 3 | |
| 6057998867 | Mumtaz Mahal | Shah Jahan's wife who had a building named after her (Taj Mahal) , as he was only passinate about her and beautiful buildings | 4 | |
| 6057998868 | Nadir Khan Afshar | Soldier-adventurer following the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom, victorious from these blood struggles | 5 | |
| 6057998869 | Ottomans | Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. | 6 | |
| 6057998870 | Padishah | Safavid term used for king of kings. | 7 | |
| 6057998871 | Red Heads | Safavid followers , called this because of distinctive head gear, preached shi'a doctrines | 8 | |
| 6057998873 | Shah Abbas the Great | (ruled 1588-1629)He encouraged trade with other nations, and increased the use of gunpowder weapons. He revitalized the Safavid empire. Made great source of youths who were captured and then converted to Islam. | 9 | |
| 6057998874 | Shi'a | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 10 | |
| 6057998875 | Vizier | the highest office in the governmental hierarchy, had more real power than the sultan (a sort of prime minister.) | 11 | |
| 6057998877 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus, 13 years old, carried out social reforms and invented his own universalistic religion, illiterate learned from father reading to him | 12 | |
| 6057998878 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 13 | |
| 6057998879 | Nur Jahan | Wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal Empire during later years of Jahangir's reign, died giving birth to her 19th child | 14 | |
| 6057998880 | Golden Horn | nickname for Constantinople (capital of Byzantine empire) because it was shaped like a horn and brought in lots of trade (money, gold) because of its access to the Mediterranean, Black, and Aegean seas | 15 | |
| 6057998881 | Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666) | 16 | |
| 6057998882 | Marattas | Western Indian peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in the 18th century and contributed to its downfall mainly because of Aurangzeb's draconian religious policies. | 17 | |
| 6057998883 | Jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 18 | |
| 6057998884 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan also calle Mehmed the Conqueror, Murad's son, conquered Constaninople in 1453 and opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. The rebuilt city was renamed Instanbul. | 19 | |
| 6057998886 | Isma'il | known as religious tyrant who killed any citizen who didn't convert, captured city of Tabriz, where he was proclaimed shah/emperor. Later conqured most of Persia. | 20 | |
| 6057998887 | Gunpowder Empires | Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes. | 21 | |
| 6057998888 | Imams | spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad, successors of Ali | 22 | |
| 6057998889 | Shah | title for the former hereditary monarch of Iran | 23 | |
| 6057998890 | Safavid Dynasty | founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. | 24 | |
| 6057998891 | Babur | brilliant general who laid the foundation for the Mughal Empire, first Mughal emperor India, good military strategist, better conqueror than adminstrator | 25 | |
| 6057998892 | Battle of Lepanto | Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope | 26 | |
| 6057998893 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindu and Muslims in India, but failed. | 27 | |
| 6057998895 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture. | 28 | |
| 6057998897 | Sikhs | Nonviolent religous group that blended Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism | 29 | |
| 6057998898 | Purdah | seculsion of women in their homes from men or strangers | 30 | |
| 6057998899 | Janissaries | Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan, coercive labor example, vital to Ottoman success in warfare | 31 | |
| 6057998900 | Abbas II | Khedive of Egypt 1892-1914 Nationalist, anti-British, clashed with Lord Cromer, Safavid emperor, 17th C. A.D.; converted people to Shiism | 32 | |
| 6057998901 | Chaldiran | Important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans/ Sunni and Shi'a in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of their Shi'a state. | 33 | |
| 6057998902 | Tahmasp I | 1534-1576. Won the throne after Isma'il , rebuilt the Safavid dynasty. Brought Turkic chiefs under control. Longest reign in the Safavid dynasty. | 34 | |
| 6057998903 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism, given some support from state | 35 | |
| 6057998904 | Sail al-Din | Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify/reform Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty. | 36 | |
| 6057998905 | Mughal Dynasty | established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. | 37 | |
| 6070271812 | sati | burning of high caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres. | 38 | |
| 6070346830 | Jahangir | Son of Akbar he was the "Grasper of the World." He married the Persian princess Nur Jahan, who really controlled the state affairs because he was a weak ruler. He was overthrown by his son Khusrau. | 39 |
