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| 2821332011 | Epic of Gilgamesh | A story that recounts the adventures of the hero "Gilgamesh" and his cherished friend Enkidu as they sought fame |  | 0 |
| 2821339631 | Semitic Migrants | Nomadic herders who went to Mesopotamia from the Arabian and Syrian deserts to the south and west |  | 1 |
| 2821341833 | Sumerian City-States | Centers of political and military authority. Also cultural centers where priests maintained organized and scribes developed traditions of writing and formal education |  | 2 |
| 2821350465 | Sumerian Kings | Leader of the Sumerian peoples. Normally ruled in cooperation with local nobles. |  | 3 |
| 2821358442 | Sargon of Akkad | The creator of empire in Mesopotamie |  | 4 |
| 2821361560 | Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire | Hammurabi refered to himself as "king of the four quarters of the world". Him & his empire (Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia until about 1600BCE |  | 5 |
| 2821367086 | Hammurabi's laws | Set of rules that Hammurabi claimed the Gods personally gave to him |  | 6 |
| 2821378249 | lex talionis | "law of retaliation" offenders suffered punishments resembling their actions "eye for an eye" |  | 7 |
| 2821380541 | The Assyrian Empire | People from northern Mesopotamia who had built a compact state in the Tigris River valley |  | 8 |
| 2821389067 | Nebuchadnezzar | King that ruled New Babylonian empire. Reigned 605-562BCE |  | 9 |
| 2821393955 | New Babylonian Empire | occupied 850 hectares and the city had thick defensive walls |  | 10 |
| 2821396751 | Bronze Metallurgy | 4000 BCE from copper and tin, improved military equipment, agricultural knives, plows |  | 11 |
| 2821400258 | Iron Metallurgy | 1000 BCE used iron, replaced bronze b/c bronze was too expensive |  | 12 |
| 2821401637 | The Wheel | 3500 BCE first used wheels, used for carts, wagons and long distance travels,, |  | 13 |
| 2821404069 | Shipbuilding | 3500 BCE built first ships to trade overseas |  | 14 |
| 2821405514 | Trade Networks | By 2300BCE Sumerians were trading regularly with merchants of Harapan society in the Indus River valley |  | 15 |
| 2821412877 | Social classes | a division of a society based on social and economic status, in these times where you were born class wise is where you will most likely die |  | 16 |
| 2821419479 | Temple Communities | Communities where priest/priestesses play the principal role of intervene with the Gods to ensure good fortune for their communities. |  | 17 |
| 2821432914 | Slaves | either prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals that sold themselves to slavery to satisfy their obligations |  | 18 |
| 2821437044 | Patriarchal Society | Men ruled as kings, and made decisions about policies and public affairs rested almost entirely in men's hands |  | 19 |
| 2821443142 | Women's Roles | Had subordinate legal status, However some women wielded great power as high priestesses, obtained higher education, and perused careers (midwifes,shopkeepers,brewers,bakers,etc) |  | 20 |
| 2821451066 | Cuneiform Writing | a writing system that used conventional signs representing specific words |  | 21 |
| 2821456008 | Education | most ancient education was vocational instruction designed to train individuals to work specific trades and crafts |  | 22 |
| 2821465863 | Astronomy and Mathematics | important studies for agricultural societies |  | 23 |
| 2821467675 | Early Hebrews | pastoral nomads who inhabited lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt in second millennium BCE |  | 24 |
| 2821476374 | Settlement in Palestine | 1300BCE branch of Hebrews departed under the following of Moses and went to Palestine |  | 25 |
| 2821479440 | Moses | the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus |  | 26 |
| 2821485964 | Monotheism | The that there is only one God |  | 27 |
| 2821489789 | Assyrian | known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire |  | 28 |
| 2821492319 | Phoenicians | located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform |  | 29 |
| 2821498490 | Phoenician Trade Networks | traded overland with Mesopotamian and they provided much of the cedar timber,furnishings,and decorative items that went into Israelites' in Jerusalem |  | 30 |
| 2821516302 | Alphabetic Writing | alphabetic script that consisted of 22 symbols representing consonants-had no symbols for vowels |  | 31 |
| 2821523465 | Indo-European Migrations | Peoples from southern Russia that migrated to India as well as Europe and distributed language |  | 32 |
| 2821524356 | Horses | Indo-European speaker domesticated horses about 4000BCE. Originally used them as a source of food but eventually began riding them |  | 33 |
| 2821528456 | Hittites | people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. |  | 34 |
| 2821534240 | War Chariots | construction of light, horse drawn chariots greatly strengthened their own society and influenced other peoples throughout solid wooden wheels |  | 35 |
| 2821547632 | Nile River Valley | fertile land in North Africa near the Nile River |  | 36 |
| 2821550722 | Menes | A general who conquered all of Egypt and brought it under unified rule. (First Pharaoh) |  | 37 |
| 2821552855 | Kush | A powerful kingdom established in Nubia. It was developed in order to protect Nubia from Egyptian imperialism. | 38 | |
| 2821555058 | The Middle Kingdom | A period of time in Egypt when the pharaoh was abolished by foreigners |  | 39 |
| 2821556827 | Hyksos | people who invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom. They abolished the pharaoh and instituted a rag-tag government that was overthrown by rebellion. |  | 40 |
| 2821558779 | New Kingdom | period in Egypt in which Egypt had a phase of expansion and imperialism. The pharaoh was reinstated. |  | 41 |
| 2821562701 | Hieroglyphic | ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds |  | 42 |
| 2821566768 | Mummification | Egyptian burial for pharaohs and few nobles. The coffin is then placed in a pyramid to help the pharaoh reach the afterlife |  | 43 |
| 2821570304 | Nubia | state to the south of Egypt that never became as powerful as Egypt due to their un-unified rule |  | 44 |
| 2821571432 | Bantu | The people who originated in central west Africa. They migrated across southern Africa, all the while establishing small and diverse communities. |  | 45 |
| 2821573587 | Amon | One of the two primary gods of Egypt. Fused with Re to form a cult. God of the sun, fertility, and creation |  | 46 |
| 2821575511 | Re | One of the two central gods of Egypt. Also associated with the sun. |  | 47 |
| 2821576651 | Upper Egypt | Southern half of Egypt that connects Egypt to Nubia |  | 48 |
| 2821577984 | Osiris | man of legend who became lord of immortality, the underworld, and death after his brother killed him. |  | 49 |
