Terms : Hide Images
| 5331730751 | Third-wave civilizations | -500 B.C.E.-500 C.E. -period of great increase in interactions between the world's regions, cultures, and people -large-scale empire, new technology (yokes, saddles, stirrups), and long-distance trade led to globalization | 0 | |
| 5331751854 | silk roads | -formed the most extensive and sustained trade network -largely a relay trade, not a non-stop one -unified Eurasia -most items were luxury goods for the elite -camels, horses, and oxen were often used -silk, spices, and cotton went west -glass, wool, olive oil, gold, and silver went east | 1 | |
| 5331773621 | silk | -China had a monopoly on it until the sixth century -Chinese peasants produced silk, paper, or porcelain rather that crops (better profit) | 2 | |
| 5331783639 | Buddhism (silk road) | the most popular faith among silk road merchants | 3 | |
| 5331789898 | diseases | -smallpox, measles, and Bubbonic plague also spread along the Silk Roads -by the 1500's, this would give Europeans an advantage because they built up immunities | 4 | |
| 5331824487 | Venice | center of Mediterranean Sea commerce by 1000 | 5 | |
| 5331831380 | Indian Ocean | -world's most important region of trade until 1500 -transportation of bulk goods (textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat) was cheaper by sea | 6 | |
| 5331856425 | monsoons | -alternating wind currents -made commerce possible -China's revival and the rise of Islam also encouraged trade here | 7 | |
| 5331865513 | Southeast Asia | -grew thanks to trade between India and China -gold, spices, and taxes on ships made it wealthy | 8 | |
| 5331880569 | Ankkgor Wat | -800-1300 -became wealthy by trading forest goods to China -Indian alphabet, art, political ideas, and Hinduism and Buddhism spread here (Indianization) | 9 | |
| 5331912255 | Swahili city-states | -civilization in East Africa that blended Bantu and Muslim culture -each city-state was politically independent -most trade was done by Arab ships -10 million ships were shipped to the Middle East -some Arabs, Persians, and Indians settled here | 10 | |
| 5331936723 | Great Zimbabwe | -1250-1350 -flourishing state in Southeastern Africa -made money off of gold and cattle -built massive stone structures with huge walls that they lived in | 11 | |
| 5331949132 | West Africa | -developed major trade routes north across the Sahara Desert thanks to camels and the camel saddle -major exports were gold, ivory, kola nuts, and slaves -major import items were salt, horses, cloth, dates, and manufactured goods -men and women had complimentary, not hierarchal relationships -women had important roles in agriculture, weaving, and reproduction | 12 | |
| 5331992452 | caravans | some had as many as 5000 camels and hundreds of people | 13 | |
| 5331999349 | Ghana, Mali, and Songhai | major west African monarchies | 14 | |
| 5332003917 | slaves | most came from the raiding of societies south of west Africa | 15 | |
| 5332008697 | 100-1400 | -5500 slaves a year crossed the Sahara -virtually no interaction existed between the western and eastern hemispheres until 1492 | 16 | |
| 5332025982 | North America | - a "loosely interactive web" of trade network did exist in Mesoamerica (Mayans and later the Mexica) | 17 | |
| 5332042716 | grand canal | built by conscripted laborers to move goods between northern and southern China | 18 | |
| 5332052781 | Tang dynasty | -300 year period of stability -military garrisons were built to protect the silk road -China expanded into Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet -Chang'an became a major trading center and the largest city in the world -expansion of textile and porcelain production -"golden age" of art, literature, and poetry -high taxes, and peasant rebellion brought it down | 19 | |
| 5332107658 | Song dynasty | -huge centralized government that followed the Tang -population doubles to 120 million by 1200 -return to extreme patriarchy (foot binding among the elite) -Confucianism, ancestor veneration, and the civil service exam also return -developed the world's most powerful navy | 20 | |
| 5332144177 | Song innovations | -fast growing rice (Champa) from Vietnam is planted -stylized and symbolic landscape paintings -wood block printing and printing press with movable type are invented -gunpowder and the magnetic compass are invented -encyclopedias and histories are developed -"flying cash" (credit) and paper money | 21 | |
| 5332225485 | China and It's Neighbors | -the Chinese called themselves the "Middle Kingdom"and considers outsiders "barbarians" -China's interaction with nomads to the north included trade, military, conflict, extortion, negotiation, and some cultural diffusion -Korea developed a beneficial "tribute relationship" with China, while Vietnam remained hostile (both took on some Chinese culture) | 22 | |
| 5390945192 | kowtow | -ritual prostration before China's emperor to show he had control over your land -your country received benefits in return | 23 | |
| 5390952898 | Japan | adopted much Chinese culture (Buddhism, writing, art, and technology) but was never conquered by China | 24 | |
| 5390970840 | Japanese Social/political class | emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, serfs | 25 | |
| 5390981146 | emperor | ceremonial father-figure believed to be the son of the sun goddess | 26 | |
| 5390987358 | shogun | military governor with the real power | 27 | |
| 5390989447 | daimyo | warrior lords who owned land | 28 | |
| 5390994137 | samurai | professional soldiers supported by daiymo (they followed a set of rules called the cod of Bushido) | 29 | |
| 5390998179 | serfs in China | peasants who farmed the land | 30 | |
| 5391000527 | shinto | ritualistic nature religion that would compete with Buddhism but never completely go away | 31 | |
| 5391006975 | China's economy and cultural diffusion | -China's technological innovations spread across Eurasia and stimulated trade and record keeping -paper making it to Europe by the 1200's -printing to Europe by the 1400's (resisted by the Islamic world) -gunpowder to Europe by 1000. China received economic benefits for sharing these innovations -sugar and cotton cultivation from India -growth in Indian Ocean trade -greater desire for technological creativity -settlement of foreign merchants. By the 800's, a backlash against foreigners was occurring -massive massacre of foreigners in Canton in 870 | 32 | |
| 5391073274 | Buddhism in china | -it took hold during the Tang and Song dynasties via the Silk Roads -was intellectual, had high moral standards -promised salvation and was comforting -it stressed printing sacred texts -it took on elements of Chinese culture (SYNCRETISM) -many Chinese came to criticize it later (it was foreign, Buddhist monks became wealthy and did not pay taxes) | 33 | |
| 5391093475 | Neo-confucianism | -a return to Confucian values (family, social order) with an obvious influence of Buddhism (nature of the human soul) -they hoped it would limit "foreign" influence -it would spread into East Asia | 34 | |
| 5391106885 | arabs | -polytheistic traders in the Arabian peninsula -lived in separate, loyal tribal groups who were often at war with one another | 35 | |
| 5391117269 | Muhammad | -Arabian merchant who founded the religion of Islam -would have a spiritual experience in a cave -became recognized as the "final prophet" of the one "true god" Allah (the same god revered by Jews and Christians) | 36 | |
| 5391129057 | Quran | -written compilation of Muhammad's revelations from Allah -it was a poem that was critical of wealth, exploitation of the poor, abuse of women, and the neglect of widows and orphans | 37 | |
| 5391138909 | Mecca | home to the Ka'ba, a polytheistic Arab shine | 38 | |
| 5391143852 | Medina | city Muhammad moved to in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca (the Hijra, or migration) | 39 | |
| 5391149050 | umma | his followers who will help him attack Mecca in 639 and turn Islam into a "universal" religion open to anyone | 40 | |
| 5391154405 | hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba that all Muslims are expected to take at least once in their life | 41 | |
| 5391158360 | 632 | most of Arabia was now a Muslim state on its way to becoming an empire | 42 | |
| 5391164790 | Jesus, Buddha, Muhhammad | -unlike Jesus and Buddha, Muhammad was also a military and political leader -Islam differed from Buddhism and Christianity because it spread much more quickly (through military conquest, trade, tolerance, and missionary activity) | 43 | |
| 5391167570 | Jihad | the "struggle" to fight against evil, greed, and (later) unbelievers | 44 | |
| 5391194857 | dar al-Islam | -the Islamic empire that stretched from Spain to India -one of the largest and most influential third-wave civilizations | 45 | |
| 5391204697 | Reasons for expansion | -Muslim armies wanted to capture trade routes and agricultural areas -individual Arabs wanted wealth -conquest held the Umma together -Muslims wanted to bring a righteous government to the conquered -Muslims were tolerant of Jews and Christians (Dhimmis or "people of the book" who were still second-class citizens) | 46 | |
| 5391224654 | jizya | a tax non-Muslims had to pay to continue their religious practices | 47 | |
| 5391233810 | Persia | -80% of the people there converted -their culture would influence Islam greatly | 48 | |
| 5391245842 | Islam culture and language | People in Egypt, North Africa, and Iraq converted to both Islam and Arabic culture and language -not everyone accepted conversion (Berber tribes in North Africa, Spanish Christians) | 49 | |
| 5391256500 | theocracy | government ruled by leaders who believe they are divinely guided | 50 | |
| 5391259174 | caliph | head of the Islamic state after Muhammad died | 51 | |
| 5391261505 | Shia (Shiite) | minority of Muslims who felt the caliph should be a descendant of Muhammad | 52 | |
| 5391267251 | Sunni | majority of Muslims who felt the caliph should be chosen by the Islamic community -the religious conflict between them started as political and became religious | 53 | |
| 5391273675 | Abassid dynasty | similar to Persian and Roman empires (bureaucracy, wealth, center of learning) (STABLE) | 54 | |
| 5391281766 | sufis | missionaries who spread Islam to Southern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia | 55 | |
| 5391294703 | women in Islam | many rights were given to them by the quran (equal to men in the eyes of Allah, could own property and have money, no female infanticide) -this changed when Islam expanded into Persia (veiling, household seclusion among the upper class) | 56 | |
| 5391368935 | hadiths | traditions about Muhammad that developed negative images of women | 57 | |
| 5391373767 | 5 pillars of Islam | obligations that bind all Muslims together | 58 | |
| 5391376305 | Shuria | laws that regulated every aspect of a Muslim's life | 59 | |
| 5391378819 | ulama | judges and interpreters who teach and transmit the faith | 60 | |
| 5391381076 | madrassas | schools for higher learning | 61 | |
| 5391382748 | Islamic Empire | -the Islamic empire became a zone of commerce and communication -specialized in agriculture (sugar, coffee, citrus fruits) -manufactured paper (learned how from the Chinese) -made use of Roman and Persian roads -Lateen sail and Astrolobe helped in sailing -banking (loans and checks) -wrote the first extensive medical encyclopedia and opened the first pharmacies -developed Hindi (known as Arabic) numerals and algebra -had high respect for Greek and Persian culture -helped preserve it for later European rediscovery (renaissance, enlightenment) -limited use of imagery in art and architecture (used calligraphy and geometry instead) | 62 | |
| 5391614060 | Byzantine empire | -the old Roman empire that would last 1000 more years (falls in 1453) -wealthy and urbanized -located at crossroads of Europe and Asia -continued using Roman infrastructure -strong army, navy, and merchant marine -a secret weapon called "Greek Fire" gave them a huge military advantage | 63 | |
| 5391641747 | Constantinople | -the highly defensible capital city called "the New Rome" -entertainment and sport took place at the Hippodrome | 64 | |
| 5391651918 | Justinian | -emperor who built the Church of Hagia Sophia, developed a law code, and made Greek the official language of the empire -he tried, but failed to conquer western Europe | 65 | |
| 5391670086 | Caesaropapism | -the church was tied to the state -the state had the final word on matters | 66 | |
| 5391677293 | Patriarch of Constantinople | -the religious leader of the Byzantine empire -differences existed between byzantine church and the Roman catholic church in Rome. -Jesus' humanity, the use of icons (painting of religious figures), celibacy for priests, and the power of the pope | 67 | |
| 5391718245 | 1054 | -the great schism -byzantine eastern orthodox church permanently separates from Rome when the pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other -first major break in Christianity ***Eastern orthodox Christianity would spread along trade routes into Russia -Moscow would be called "the third Rome" after Muslims capture Constantinople in 1453 | 68 | |
| 5391760288 | 500-1500 CE | -known as the "middle ages" in western Europe, it was a time of isolation and small-scale warfare -western Europe was far removed from trade routes -geography made political unity different -the pope and the Roman catholic church were the only unifying power | 69 | |
| 5391770838 | Franks | -Germanic invaders who shifted the "center" of Europe from Italy to France -they adopted much from the Roman empire | 70 | |
| 5391778939 | Charlemagne | -king of the Franks who established short-term centralized rule and made connections with the Roman catholic church -he became the "holy Roman emperor", the political power of the Roman Catholic church -the pope would retain the religious power | 71 | |
| 5391792062 | Vikings | -nomadic mariners and traders living in Scandonavia -they would attack European towns and monasteries -made use of small, maneuverable boats -would eventually convert to Christianity | 72 | |
| 5391820836 | England | -kings built fortresses and a navy to stop the Vikings -their efforts would create an "English" identity | 73 | |
| 5391829542 | Holy Roman Empire | -confederation of German states, Belgium, Northern Italy, and eastern France -a "German identity" was being created | 74 | |
| 5391842507 | feudalism | system in Europe in which land is given by a lord to vassals (knights) in return for military service | 75 | |
| 5391849975 | primogeniture | passing down of a lord's land and power to his eldest son | 76 | |
| 5391853084 | serfs | -people (not fully free, not fully slaves) who cultivated land for a lord, gave him gifts, and paid taxes -the lord gave them protection and their own land (which they could not leave) | 77 | |
| 5391876731 | manor | -large, usually self-sufficient estates owned by a lord (included a castle, churches, fields, meadows, forests, and a river or lake) -the moldboard plow, horse collar, and watermills freed humans and animals for other work | 78 | |
| 5391890619 | 1000 | an end to the spread of disease and an agricultural surplus increased population | 79 | |
| 5391896123 | towns | they became economic gathering places | 80 | |
| 5391903877 | ***The Roman catholic church became THE unifying authority*** | it owned 1/3 of all property by 1200 and was the only way to heaven | 81 | |
| 5391915613 | monasteries | -they often owned large amounts of land -helped expand agriculture by organizing labor -provided social services (like Buddhists) became centers of learning that were "Euro-centered", not worldly -monks hand-copied classical Greek and Roman texts and knowledge | 82 | |
| 5391944234 | western Europe changed greatly from 1000-1300 | -population increased greatly due to improved farming (horseshoes, better horse collars, crop rotation) -powerful leaders (church and secular) created regional states | 83 | |
| 5391952069 | lay investiture | -kings and vassals often appointed friends and relatives to loyal positions in the church (like bishops) -erodes the power of the church | 84 | |
| 5391959186 | William the Conqueror | -Norman (French) dike who invaded (and defeated) England in 1066 -set up an efficient, centralized administration | 85 | |
| 5391967705 | Magna Carta | -1215 -it forces the king of England (king John) to follow the law, it gave certain rights to nobles and it created the British Parliment | 86 | |
| 5391991047 | Italy | cities there became powerful through trade | 87 | |
| 5391993732 | towns and cities | -trading centers that benefited common people -towns people benefited most (carters freed them from their feudal obligation) -banks, credit, and investments were available -men went from being warriors to "providers" -urban women worked outside the home and became economically equal to men -guilds set prices and standards | 88 | |
| 5392023259 | Hanseatic league | collection of city-states in northern Europe that established common trade practices and a monopoly on trade | 89 | |
| 5392034030 | 3 estates | classes of medieval Europe (those who pray, fight, and work) | 90 | |
| 5392039906 | code of chivalry | -governed the manners and actions of knights -required respect for the Christian faith and women | 91 | |
| 5392045849 | Roman catholic church | dominated everyone's lives | 92 | |
| 5392048262 | cathedrals | massive, expensive, churches designed to bring worshipers closer to God | 93 | |
| 5392061787 | Gothic architecture | used "flying buttresses" to support tall windows and vaulted ceilings | 94 | |
| 5392067837 | Cathedral schools | founded to create scholars and educated workers | 95 | |
| 5392070916 | universities | gave degrees in medicine, law and theology to the elite | 96 | |
| 5392076008 | Thomas Aquinas | Christian who wrote that reason (thinking) and faith were both gifts from God | 97 | |
| 5392080964 | commoners | -they led simple lives -most remained illiterate and uneducated -venerated saints, relics, and the Virgin Mary | 98 | |
| 5392090774 | pilgrimages | trips to churches to see relics | 99 | |
| 5392093035 | monks | founded orders that preached messages of simple faith | 100 | |
| 5392099077 | 1200 | the western half of Christendom was on the rise while the Byzantine empire was declining | 101 | |
| 5392102659 | heresies | religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to traditional church doctrine | 102 | |
| 5392113481 | crusades | western Christian (Roman catholic) attempt to conquer the holy lands of the Bible from the Muslims and convert whole populations (including Jews and Eastern Orthodox Christains | 103 | |
| 5392134271 | results of the crusades | -western Christians lost almost all of them -the Byzantine empire was greatly weakened (western Christians sacked Constantinople in 1204) -increased European exposure to Muslims philosophy, theology, science, and math -increased Muslim interaction with classical Greek thought (which they would later reject) -encouraged Europeans to trade with Muslims -connected Europe to the trade market of the eastern hemisphere (especially China) | 104 | |
| 5392167136 | reconquista | -the forced conversion to Muslims in Spain to Roman Catholocism -many other Muslims and Jews were driven out of Spain or killed -Christian communities in Africa and Arabia will whither away by 1300, making Europe the only "Christian" region | 105 | |
| 5392200303 | pastoralists | -different groups of nomads from central Asia -they herded over large grazing areas and subsisted on animal products -horses and camels were the backbone of their military success -they diffused weapons and modes of transportation that changed warfare forever -state-building was difficult (small number of people spread out over a large area) | 106 | |
| 5436891634 | nobility | attained through personal achievement and charisma | 107 | |
| 5436895292 | pastoral women | they had status and power (some even fought in battles) | 108 | |
| 5436902527 | Xiongnu | early nomadic "state" north of China | 109 | |
| 5436906600 | Turks | nomads who would convert to Islam and invade India and Arabia | 110 | |
| 5436910379 | Sultan | title given to Muslim Turk leaders | 111 | |
| 5436920267 | Delhi Sultanate | -Islamic kingdom in Northern India that would be set up after the Turks violently invaded it in the 700's -Hindus converted to Islam, were driven into southern India, or were killed | 112 | |
| 5436932901 | Almoravid Empire | nomadic empire in northwestern Africa created by Berbers in the 1000's | 113 | |
| 5436937501 | 1453 | Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, turn it into a Muslim city, and end the Byzantine Empire | 114 | |
| 5436944641 | Mongols | -greatest land-based empire in history -they made world trade, cultural diffusion, and awareness of others grow like never before -connected by Europe, China, and the Islamic world -always outnumbered by enemies -exploited people but did not force their culture onto others -would eventually become absorbed into many of the cultures they conquered | 115 | |
| 5436979030 | Chinggis Khan | -clan leader whose personality and ability to forge alliances allowed him to unite feudal mongol tribes -along with his sons and grandsons, he conquered China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the middle east, and parts of Eastern Europe -Calvary, mobility, and psychological warfare made him successful -aided by good luck and timing -hoped to unite the entire world -his empire broke into 4 hordes (empires) after his death | 116 | |
| 5437008490 | China and the Mongols | -the mongol Kublai Khan created the Yuan dynasty there -convinced the Chinese he had been granted the Mandate of Heaven -active in culture and his people's warfare -kept mongols and Chinese separate -used "imported" mongol administrators, not Chinese for his government -tried twice but failed to conquer Japan | 117 | |
| 5437026875 | Middle East | -the mongols defeated the Abbassid dynasty and conquered Persia -initially destroyed irrigation systems -eventually converted to Islam and took up agriculture | 118 | |
| 5437037467 | Mamluks | slave dynasty in Egypt that stopped the mongols and then turned Egypt into a center of Muslim culture and learning | 119 | |
| 5437045436 | Russia | -mongol devastation was worse there than anywhere -the "Golden Horde" never occupied it, but instead received tribute from Moscow -this is why Russia never unified or developed culture and education like countries in Western Europe until much later | 120 | |
| 5437062912 | 1500 | all mongol hordes had collapsed and their empire was finished | 121 | |
| 5437069918 | The black death | -Afro-Eurasian pandemic in the early 1300's -spread along mongol trade routes -originated in central Asia -carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas | 122 | |
| 5437080352 | 1331 | first outbreak in northeastern China | 123 | |
| 5437083805 | 1347 | reached the Middle east (killed 1/3 pop) and western Europe (killed 1/2) | 124 | |
| 5437091612 | 1409 | -reached East Asia -India and sub-Saharan Africa were much less affected | 125 | |
| 5437101499 | consequences of the plague | -labor shortage in Europe ends serfdom -created better employment opportunities for women -helped break down the mongol hordes -silk road trade ends -Europeans seek new trade routes by sea ******It would return off and on over the centuries and still exists today | 126 | |
| 5450742688 | 15th Century | -almost everyone in the world lived in a civilization -Australia, Pacific Islands, North America, Amazon River Basin, and Africa south of the equator were the exceptions | 127 | |
| 5450753387 | Ming dynasty | -replaces the Yuan dynasty in China -elimination of foreign rule -return to the Confucian exam system -extensive use of eunechs in the imperial court -emperor Yongle sponsors the writing of an 11,000 volume encyclopedia | 128 | |
| 5450773391 | Europe in the 15th century | -recovery from the Black Death resulted in stronger states with large, powerful armies -Britain and France would fight in the Hundred Years War | 129 | |
| 5450784090 | Renaissance | period of cultural flowering in Italy created through European and Muslim connections during the crusades -Florence, Italy was the center of the Renaissance ***art and writing became religious, secular, realistic, worldly, and more human -Leonardo daVinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare were the most famous individuals of the period -elite members of society became commissioned works from them -local taxes were raised to pay the artists and writers | 130 | |
| 5450794564 | humanists | -scholars who studied secular topics (Greek and Roman classics) as well as religion | 131 | |
| 5471791142 | exploration | china did it for prestige, while Europe did it to make money, convert people to Roman Catholocism, and acquire land | 132 | |
| 5471796693 | Zheng He | Muslim Eunech from China who sailed his "treasure fleet" to Africa, the Persian gulf, and all over the Indian Ocean | 133 | |
| 5471806884 | 1433 | -the Ming begin to focus on agriculture instead of exploration -they felt like they already ad everything they needed | 134 | |
| 5471813344 | Portugal | -it began to explore the Atlantic in 1415 -they began to grow sugar cane on islands near West Africa -African slaves were needed to do the work | 135 | |
| 5471820772 | cannons | they allowed Portugal to violently dominate trade | 136 | |
| 5471823067 | Bartolomeu Dias | sailed from Europe around the cape of Good Hope in Africa | 137 | |
| 5471825791 | Vasco da Gama | sails from Europe, around Africa, and all the way to India | 138 | |
| 5471829127 | Christopher Colombus | Italian who wanted to cross the Atlantic to create a trade route from Europe to Asia | 139 | |
| 5471841519 | Songhai Empire | major center of Islamic learning and trade in West Africa | 140 | |
| 5471845072 | sugar | plantations of it in the Mediterranean increased the Muslim demand for African slaves | 141 | |
| 5471851569 | Ottoman Empire | powerful "gunpowder" empire in the Middle East and Egypt from the 1450's to 1900 (mostly Sunni Muslims) | 142 | |
| 5471860582 | Suleiman the Magnificent | Ottoman leader who encouraged the development of art and a better military | 143 | |
| 5471865490 | 1529 | an Ottoman invasion of Europe is stopped at Vienna ***European military and naval technology would far outpace theirs | 144 | |
| 5471874905 | Safavid empire | -religious empire in Persia (mostly Shia Muslims) -the Ottomans and Safavids periodically fought each other until the 1700's | 145 | |
| 5471882507 | Mughal empire | Muslim "gunpowder" dynasty that replaced the Delhi Sultanate in India | 146 | |
| 5471889139 | Akbar | sensitive, tolerant ruler of India who created a "divine faith" that combined elements of Islam and Hinduism in an effort to promote religious unity (it fell apart after he died) | 147 | |
| 5471896501 | Malacca | became a major Muslim port city in Southeast Asia | 148 | |
| 5471901727 | Mexica (Aztec) | last great Meso-american culture before the arrival of the Europeans | 149 | |
| 5471906092 | TTenochtitlan | Mexica capital city located on Lake Texcoco | 150 | |
| 5471911774 | Chinampas | "floating" gardens -cacao beans were their currency ***like the Romans, their empire was connected by thousands of miles of roads over which they traded goods ***like China, the Aztec demanded tribute from other groups they conquered | 151 | |
| 5471926702 | human sacrifice | religious sacrifice in which bloodshed gave moisture to the earth -victims were captured enemies | 152 | |
| 5471932160 | Inca | -they created a centralized empire in western South America -relied on llamas and alpacas -empire was connected by roads -emperor was divine, absolute ruler who ruled alongside his wife -society was seen by them as a utopia | 153 | |
| 5471942584 | mita | labor people performed for the state in return for elaborate feasts | 154 | |
| 5471946635 | quipu | knotted cords that were used to keep records | 155 |
