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| 5913512290 | british colonies | the (like Britain) had become prosperous and powerful by 1750 | 0 | |
| 5913516500 | taxes | an increase in them to pay for Britain's part in the 7 years war angered colonists ("no taxation without representation" became their motto) | 1 | |
| 5913523180 | Thomas Paine | writes a pamphlet "common sense" in which he urges the colonists to support a movement for Independence from Britain | 2 | |
| 5913528582 | Continental congress | set up in north america to coordinate resistance to British polocies | 3 | |
| 5913531734 | 1775 | skirmished between British troops and colonial militia (who use Guerilla tactics) break out at Lexington | 4 | |
| 5913535734 | decleration of Independence | a combination of the ideals of John Locke (social contract) and a list of charges against Britain (written in 1776) | 5 | |
| 5913540950 | 1777 | France begins giving military support to the colonists | 6 | |
| 5913543075 | Treaty of Paris | ends the war after the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 (Britain recognizes the independence of the US) | 7 | |
| 5913551835 | US constitution | -creates a federal government based on popular sovereignty and guaranteed individual liberties like freedom of speech and religion -landless men, women, slaves, and native Americans were not included | 8 | |
| 5913561116 | french revolution | it drew inspiration from the American revolution (but was much more practical) | 9 | |
| 5913568270 | Louis XVI | french king who raised taxes to pay off a huge national debt | 10 | |
| 5913571070 | estates | -social classes (clergy, nobles, and everyone else) in France -each estate had one vote on matters -the first two estates did not pay taxes | 11 | |
| 5913578982 | Bastille | a prison in Paris stormed by an angry mob on July 14, 1789 (the army's gunpowder was stored there) | 12 | |
| 5913586490 | declaration of the rights of man | document created by the revolutionaries that proclaimed "liberty, equality, and fraternity" prohibited social distinctions, and took away the king's powers by creating a constitutional monarchy | 13 | |
| 5913642034 | Maximilian Robespierre | -lawyer who leads the revolution -he now becomes the most powerful man in France ***once in power, the revolutionaries declared war on Austria, Prussia, Spain, and Britain to spread the revolution | 14 | |
| 5913653334 | Jean Paul Marat | newspaper publisher who pushes for executions of those not pro-revolution | 15 | |
| 5913657532 | the terror | -enemies of the revolution were rooted out, jailed, and killed (including the king and queen) ***Robespierre now sets out to change french culture -wanted to create a "cult of reason" -outlawed Christianity, changed the calendar and gave women more rights -he would be executed for being "too radical" | 16 | |
| 5913674845 | Napoleon Bonaparte | -superb general and supporter of the revolution who took over France when the revolution ended in 1799 -had charisma and gave people what they wanted -imposed a new constitution that brought order to France -named himself "emperor of France" -made peace with the Catholic church -granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants -gave wealthy nobles the land back that had been taken from them during the revolution -convinced leader of Russia to be his ally -limited free speech, used spies, and took away women's rights | 17 | |
| 5913700865 | 1812 | -Napoleon defeats the British, Austrian, and Prussian (modern Germany) armies in a war -he will the attack Russia | 18 | |
| 5913706260 | "General Winter" | -Russian weather and a lack of supplies makes survival difficult for his army of 600,000 men -he will escape with 30,000 of them and return to France, leaving the rest to die in Russia | 19 | |
| 5913716070 | April 1814 | his enemies attack France and he is exiled on an island off the coast of Italy ***he will escape, return to France, gather his army, overthrow the new king, and return to power for 100 days | 20 | |
| 5913724548 | Waterloo | -he id defeated there by the British and Prussian armies -he will be exiled on the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic until he dies in 1821 | 21 | |
| 5913731075 | Haiti | -wealthy French sugar, coffee, and cotton producing colony -slaves there were worked to death because it was cheaper than improving their lives | 22 | |
| 5913738001 | gens de colores | slaves that had been granted freedom | 23 | |
| 5913740568 | maroon societies | communities of escaped slaves | 24 | |
| 5913743719 | Toussaint Louverture | -free slave who builds an organized, disciplined army of gens de colores and maroons who begin to attack French landowners -Napoleon sends troops to stop him, but most get yellow fever and die -Haiti becomes the second independent nation in the western hemisphere in 1801 -slavery ends there because of the revolution ***in the early 1800's, European leaders were concerned with stopping Napoleon instead of controlling people in the Americas | 25 | |
| 5913763548 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | priest who leads a revolt against the Spanish in Mexico | 26 | |
| 5913767010 | Simon Bolivar | general who organizes an army and wins independence for northern south America | 27 | |
| 5913770875 | Gran Colombia | the country he wants to create out of a unified south America (he will fail to do so) | 28 | |
| 5913775826 | Prince Pedro | European who became emperor of Brazil, which will remain a wealthy nation, thanks to slavery | 29 | |
| 5913779825 | caudillos | -local "strongmen" with their own armies -they will now rule different parts of south America -they will crush and repress the lower classes, which were most of the people living in south America | 30 | |
| 5913792025 | echoes of revolutions | ***smaller revolutions would occur in europe in 1830, 1848, and 1870 | 31 | |
| 5913796632 | ideology | the belief that a particular social and political organization is ideal | 32 | |
| 5913800914 | liberalism | idea that change is both normal and required and will bring about equality and change | 33 | |
| 5913807571 | conservatism | idea that societies develop slowly and must be protected from radical/revolutionary ideas | 34 | |
| 5913812746 | slavery after revolutions | -it largely ended between 1780 and 1890 -enlightenment and religious leaders were critical of it -the cost of protecting people from slave revolts was making slavery too expensive | 35 | |
| 5913821778 | Britain and the abolition | most powerful abolition movement ***abolition did little to improve the economic lives of emancipated (freed) slaves -many now refused to work on plantatinos | 36 | |
| 5913829211 | migrants | cheap workers (especially from India and China) who moved across the globe to replace slaves | 37 | |
| 5913833408 | Russia | -serfs still did the agricultural work there until they were emancipated in 1861 -like many former slaves, they would remain poor and impoverished | 38 | |
| 5913840457 | nationalism | -belief that people belong to a distinctive national community -each "nation" should have a distinct culture, territory, and political life -tends to foster jealousy and distrust of others | 39 | |
| 5913849695 | Nation-state | political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or languages live in a particular area under on government | 40 | |
| 5913856268 | national personification | many countries have national animals, but during the 1800's, nations started to make fictional personifications of their nation-states | 41 | |
| 5913863603 | 1800's (nationalism) | nationalist movements occur across Europe (especially in Greece, Italy, Germany, and Ireland) and elsewhere in the world | 42 | |
| 5913869872 | Volkgeist | what German people called their "spirit" or "essence" | 43 | |
| 5913873325 | Prussia | German country that was part of a greater "German confederation" | 44 | |
| 5913881096 | Otto con Bismark | Prussian prime minister who said "blood and iron" would decide German nationalism | 45 | |
| 5913886884 | Germany | Bismark's new, unified country where German people were liked through their language, culture, and the Volkgeist -Bismark expanded it's military until it rivaled Britain as the greatest power in Europe | 46 | |
| 5913897429 | anti-semitism | hatred of Jews that was a direct result of nationalism (especially in Germany) | 47 | |
| 5913901291 | Theodr Herzl | -Austrian Jew who wanted to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine where Jews could live and be safe (Zionism) -this fueled nationalism and anti-semitism among Palestinians | 48 | |
| 5913911833 | 1800's (feminism) | -feminist movements develop in Europe and north America -enlightenment thinkers challenged the idea that women were becoming educated -women were joining political movements and charities and were doing missionary work | 49 | |
| 5913926435 | maternal feminism | it still stressed the distinctive and important role of women as mothers | 50 | |
| 5913930887 | Seneca falls, New York | in 1848, a women's rights conference is held there, starting he modern feminist movement | 51 | |
| 5913940105 | 1870's | -the movement began to focus on suffrage (women's right to vote) | 52 | |
| 5913978447 | effects of the feminist movement | -more women would attend universities -women's literacy rates rose -divorce laws were changed to vie women more rights -more professional opportunities -deep debates over the roles of women were finally taking place -conservative men became bitterly opposed to the movement | 53 | |
| 5952825269 | industrial revolution | 1750-today -influenced by scientific revolution -transformed European society -pushed Europe into a position of global domination -increased urbanization, empire building, globalization, and populations in countries that industrialized -landscapes were altered as raw materials were extracted -air and water pollution increased greatly | 54 | |
| 5952870824 | Britain and the industrial revolution | it started there when the British began using coal as a fuel source because it was running out of wood | 55 | |
| 5952880870 | James Watt | -adapts a previously invented steam engine and improves its ability to create energy -steam engines now replaced water power in textile mills | 56 | |
| 5952906737 | ***other inventions in the industrial revolution | ***other major inventions included steamships and steam locomotives -these were now connected to textile mills through waterways or railroads -this led to a reduction in shipping costs and cheaper goods | 57 | |
| 6021877580 | industrial revolution spreads | ***would spread to western Europe (especially Germany), the United States, Russia, and Japan | 58 | |
| 6021887694 | Europe and the industrial revolution | historians believe it started there b/c of -luck -Europeans were the "middle men" in trade between the two hemispheres -capitalism encouraged change and innovation -raw materials were available in the Americas and could easily be shipped to Europe | 59 | |
| 6021905189 | Britain (Industrial Revolution) | historians believe it started there in particular b/c it had: -stable government that promoted science, knowledge, and economic innovation -a ready supply of workers who had few options available to them -plenty of coal and iron ore -accessible water transport (lots of rivers and canals) | 60 | |
| 6021921086 | India (Industrial Revolution) | -one example of a country that didn't industrialize (dependent nation) -it became dependent upon exporting a crop (cotton) to Britain in order to make money | 61 | |
| 6021931363 | changes in Britain by 1800 | -rapid development of railroads -increase in mining, manufacturing, and services -creation of more affordable goods -decreased focus on small family textile businesses (the "putting out system") | 62 | |
| 6021940448 | nobles (kings and queens) | -they still retained great social prestige and personal wealth -they also continued to live far away from the middle class and laboring classes | 63 | |
| 6021949009 | middle class (and the industrial revolution) | -they benefited the most from industry -factory owners, manufacturers, businessmen, bankers, and investors became more important than the wealthy aristocracy (nobility) -some became very wealthy and owned nice homes wit running water, sewers, and sidewalks -women became part of the "cult of domesticity" and were homemakers, wives, and mothers | 64 | |
| 6021968393 | service sector workers | middle class clerks and secretaries who made up 20% of Britain's population | 65 | |
| 6021978269 | 1900 (world population) | -London is now the largest city in the world with over 6 million people -70% of those people were laborers | 66 | |
| 6021982335 | cities | -they grew in size and were filled with factories and workhouses where laborers lived -overcrowded -filled with pollution, human waste, and raw sewage in the streets and rivers -diseases (cholera, tuberculosis), crime, gambling, drinking, and prostitution were rampant | 67 | |
| 6021995023 | factory life | long hours, low wages, child labor, many women workers, and all supervisors were men | 68 | |
| 6021998717 | socialists | critics who disliked the working conditions and inequalities of factory life | 69 | |
| 6022003244 | Karl Marx | -leading socialist reformer -said capitalism was causing all of the world's social problems and should be abolished (along with private property_ -he said this would happen in a violent revolution led by industrial workers -("workers unite!") | 70 | |
| 6022017008 | trade unions | illegal organizations that got better working conditions trough strikes | 71 | |
| 6022020505 | child labor laws | they would eventually take kids out of factories and put them in schools | 72 | |
| 6022051718 | migration | -a result of industry that most changed the modern world -millions moved from rural areas to cities -millions also moved to the Americas (especially the U.S.) to escape factory life and gain freedom | 73 | |
| 6022067692 | outcomes of industrialization | ***industrialization had similar outcomes and problems wherever it was established | 74 | |
| 6022071061 | American Industry | began in textile factories in New England in the 1820s | 75 | |
| 6022075146 | corporations | -developed to fund new industries through investment in stock markets -the U.S. government passed laws to make the formation of them easy, gave them tax breaks, and limited regulation over what they could do | 76 | |
| 6022082759 | railroads | -the most important economic and social development in the U.S. in late 1800's -allowed for easy transportation of goods and people across the U.S. | 77 | |
| 6022095211 | effects of industrialization on Native Americans | ***railroads, the Gatling Gun, and barbed wire helped to facilitate the destruction of Native American culture | 78 | |
| 6022103471 | "culture of consumption" | by 1900, it was being fueled through advertising, catalogs, and department stores | 79 | |
| 6022108242 | self-made industrialists | men who invested in industry, got rich, and became cultural heroes -(Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, J.D. Rockefeller) | 80 | |
| 6022112255 | America and socialism | ***Americans preferred "proggressivism" over "socialism" because it was slower and non-violent | 81 | |
| 6022131503 | Russia 1850 | ***bu 1859, Russia had expanded but had not industrialized or modernized | 82 | |
| 6022135471 | serfs | -agricultural workers who were the majority of the populatoin -the government always feared they might revolt | 83 | |
| 6022141987 | Alexander II | Tsar who frees the serfs in 1861 so they can work in factories and make money | 84 | |
| 6022145846 | 1890's in Russia | -Russia launches its own industrial revolution -focused on railroad building and factories with heavy industry -took place in only a few major cities ***serfs could not adjust to factory life, so they rebelled by going on large-scale strikes | 85 | |
| 6022160469 | intelligentsia | students and intellectuals who push for socialism and reform | 86 | |
| 6022164536 | Siberia | secret police round up socialists and "revolutionaries", and ship them here and use them as slave labor | 87 | |
| 6022171551 | pogroms | attack on Jews that force many to move to Europe and America | 88 | |
| 6022173779 | Russo-Japanese war | -1905 -terrible defeat for Russia -their entire navy is destroyed -members of the military mutiny and rebel -soviets (workers council) lead major strikes and begin to push for violent revolution -Nicholas II responded with violence | 89 | |
| 6022185709 | Latin America industrialism | ***by 1850, Latin America was 18 different countries | 90 | |
| 6022188707 | Creole elites | -descendants of Europeans whose goal was to control land for agriculture and ranching -this meant they did not industrialize -countries made money off of exports of food and raw materials (willingly become dependent nations) -Europe and the U.S. began to invest in Latin American countries | 91 | |
| 6022202092 | machism | social ethic that honored male strength and aggression | 92 | |
| 6022204497 | gauchos | cowboys of the pampas of Argentina | 93 | |
| 6022206563 | Benito Juarez | -native American president of Mexico who led a reform movement (La Reforma) -wanted to limit the power of the catholic church in government -granted universal male suffrage -limited power of the military -created freedom of the press ***the reforms still did not help the poor | 94 | |
| 6022218664 | Mexican revolution | bloody conflict (over 1 million killed) from 1911-1920 between landowners and peasants | 95 | |
| 6022224145 | Porfirio Diaz | -hated Mexican dictator who was in power at the beginning of the revolution -wanted to help the rich at the expense of the poor | 96 | |
| 6022229195 | Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa | revolutionary leaders of peasant armies fighting for "tierra and libertad" (land and liberty) ***support from the U.S. government helped crush the rebellion | 97 | |
| 6097117157 | ***industry and empire | ***the industrial revolution fueled European expansion -created a demand for raw materials and agricultural products -need for products in which to sell European goods and allow to invest in them -foreign markets created jobs for Europeans -nationalism stressed expansion -steamships. the telegraph, canals (Suez and Panama), and railroads could connect empires -gunpowder, repeating rifle, the Maxim gun, and artillery on ships gave Europeans a military advantage | 98 | |
| 6097145676 | political benefits (of industry and empire) | nations could acquire strategic locations across the world | 99 | |
| 6097147928 | cultural benefits (of industry and empire) | spread education, health care, good government, and Christianity to the "weaker races" | 100 | |
| 6097155480 | scientific racism | idea that humans consist of several racial groups | 101 | |
| 6097157648 | Charles Darwin | said human societies developed as part of "survival of the fittest" (evolution) | 102 | |
| 6097161273 | social darwinism | attempt to apply Darwin's theory to human history | 103 | |
| 6097289329 | imperialism | the domination of powers (Europe, U.S., Japan) over subject lands | 104 | |
| 6097292263 | colonialism | sending colonists to a foreign land and forcing your policies and culture on the people there | 105 | |
| 6097300152 | India (Britain) and Indonesia (Dutch) | colonization happened thanks to trading companies | 106 | |
| 6097301780 | Africa and the Pacific | carved up by European powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884 | 107 | |
| 6097309956 | Liberia (imperialism and conquest) | Africa country settled by freed U.S. slaves that was allowed to remain independent | 108 | |
| 6097313279 | Australia (imperialism and conquest) | originally used by Britain as a prison colony but later settled for sheep herding and farming | 109 | |
| 6097319838 | Singapore (imperialism and conquest) | colonized to link British bases between Indian ocean and South China sea | 110 | |
| 6097327253 | Hawaii (imperialism and conquest) | U.S. companies arrive and begin exporting sugar and pineapple | 111 | |
| 6097333586 | Latin America | most countries became dependent upon U.S. as a business link to East Asia (acquired in the U.S. victory over Spain in the Spanish-American war) | 112 | |
| 6097343903 | Britain (European rule) | it developed the world's largest empire under Queen Victoria in the 1800s | 113 | |
| 6097349658 | India (European rule) | Britain hired local troops (sepoys) over lack of British sensitivity toward their culture -Britain crushed the revolt and established direct rule (British officials and soldiers move in, local culture and tradition ignored) | 114 | |
| 6097359927 | Indian National Congress | set up to create better communication between teh British and Indians | 115 | |
| 6097363859 | Ram Mohan Roy | the "father of modern India" who began the first attack on British rule in the late 1800s | 116 | |
| 6097369341 | colonial life | ***life in colonies was traumatic for colonized people -colonial powers set up dictatorships -racism was the acceptable norm -all colonies, not just India -most colonized men were seen as being soft, passive, and feminine -policies contradicted Christian and enlightenment ideals | 117 | |
| 6097385005 | Colonial economies | ***most colonies specialized in one or two cash crops -cocoa in Ghana, cotton in India | 118 | |
| 6097389978 | Indonesia (Colonial economies) | the Dutch made money by forcing peasants to give up 20% of their crops as taxes (the cultivation system) | 119 | |
| 6097399244 | Vietnam (Colonial economies) | colonized by the French for rice production | 120 | |
| 6097402132 | Congo Free State (Colonial economies) | -African region used by King Leopold of Belgium as a source of rubber -Africans were maimed (randomly) every day by having their hands cut off -up to 8 million Africans died there working for him | 121 | |
| 6097411168 | Boer war | -bloody battle between Afrikaners (Dutch) and the British over diamonds and gold in southern Africa -last war in which calvary was effective -British set up "concentration camps" for Afrikaner prisoners -Britain wins | 122 | |
| 6097424807 | South Africa | -nation created out of four Afrikaner provinces -whites were given "white privilege" by the British and allowed to set up their own government | 123 | |
| 6130043792 | defenders of colonialism | said it jump-started modern growth | 124 | |
| 6130045679 | critics of colonialism | said it exploited people and led to limited, uneven growth | 125 | |
| 6130051048 | Western education | it led to a new identity for many people around the world | 126 | |
| 6130057271 | Christianity (colonial era) | it became popular around the world as a result of European colonialism | 127 | |
| 6130060641 | cultural changes in the colonial era | ***race, ethnicity, and "tribe" helped to unite people (in Africa, it was called "pan-Africanism" | 128 | |
| 6130068247 | impressionism | Eropean art form using styles from Africa (sculpture, metal work) and Asia (simple nature themes) | 129 | |
| 6130076925 | leisure | -many people around the world now had higher wages and fewer working hours ` | 130 | |
| 6130085995 | inventions and improvements in the colonial era | ***the bicycle, automobile, airplane, light bulb, telephone, and radio would change the world ***sanitation systems, soaps, disinfectants, and vaccinations helped prevent illness ***newspaper, theaters, and sports (soccer, the return of the Olympics) became popular ***forests and animal species (whales, bison) were destroyed and pollution (land and air) became an issue everywhere | 131 | |
| 6130104947 | 1900 | the world's population reaches 1 billion | 132 | |
| 6150746899 | opium (in China) | -the British grew it in India -it was shipped to China and traded for silver -silver was then used to pay for Chinese goods -as addiction grew and labor shortages ensued, the Qing emperor cracked down | 133 | |
| 6157247768 | Opium war | 1839-1842 -British ships attack China and show how far behind China's military was | 134 | |
| 6157247769 | Treaty of Nanjing | -an "unequal peace treaty" between Britain and China's Qing government -Hong Kong is given to Britain -opium trading is legalized -China could not levy tariffs on importing goods -Christian missionaries are allowed in China | 135 | |
| 6192836689 | Hong Xiuquan | Chinese scholar (he believed he was Jesus' brother) who creates a peasant army to overthrow the Qing government | 136 | |
| 6192846040 | Taiping Rebellion | revolutionary attempt to take land, redistribute it to peasants, develop free public education, and end foot binding -Qing army kills 30 million peasants | 137 | |
| 6192860320 | self-strengthening movement (of China) | Qing emperor attempts to modernize China | 138 | |
| 6192862277 | Empress Cixi | -emperor's sister who supports a violent anti-foreigner group called the Boxers -they are defeated by a European, U.S., and Japanese alliance | 139 | |
| 6192869122 | 1912 (in china) | China's dynastic system ends | 140 | |
| 6192932255 | 1800's (Ottoman empire) | -military losses to Europe, a lack of modernization, and the economic shift to the Atlantic Ocean caused the Ottomans to lose importance -the Sultans were losing power to local warlords -provinces like Greece had gone independent -people now called it the "Sick man of Europe" | 141 | |
| 6192948292 | Muhammad Ali | -leader who creates a strong, modern Egyptian state that breaks away from the Ottoman Empire -industrialized (cotton and weapons) -became dependent on European loans | 142 | |
| 6192958781 | Suez canal | constructed by Egypt but sold to Britain when Egypt's government spent too much money | 143 | |
| 6192963809 | Young Turk Party | -group of Turkish nationalists who create modern Turkey in 1908 and break away from the Ottoman Empire -hoped for universal suffrage, compulsory education for both men and women, freedom for women, and a modern, secular state -World War I will slow down their plans and kill of the Ottoman empire | 144 | |
| 6192985907 | sphere of influence | a region of which a foreign nation has control over trade | 145 | |
| 6192992044 | 1853 (Japan) | Japan still refused to trade with anyone except the Dutch ***The U.S. was becoming interested in Pacific commerce | 146 | |
| 6192999294 | Matthew Perry | -U.S. admiral who uses "gunship diplomacy" to bring Japan out of it's isolation and crate a U.S. sphere of influence -this led to unequal treaties with Japan, along with huge political and social changes | 147 | |
| 6193012902 | Meiji Restoration | -Japan's return to imperial government and a new sense of "Westernization" -emperor given "god-like" status again and a few checks are made on his power -factories, railroads, steamships, mines, and banking systems are created -the samurai are abolished and shot -men are given mandatory military service | 148 | |
| 6193034345 | 1895 in Japan | Japan has become (overnight) a powerful industrial nation by leaning from Europe and the United States | 149 | |
| 6193040505 | modernization of Japan | ***by the 1880's, Japan was becoming "Westernized" -almost all people became legally equal -clothing and hairstyles became "western" -books from the west are translated into Japanese ***Christianity would make little progress (Shinto remained the major religion) | 150 | |
| 6193060096 | modernization | -accomplished without acquiring foreign debt -peasants did become impoverished (many resorted to selling/killing girls) -peasant rebellions were crushed -urban workers were treated badly and unions were disallowed ***Japan's military now became the focus of their society | 151 | |
| 6193073726 | Sino-Japanese war | Japan defeats China in a war over who should rule Korea and Taiwan | 152 |
