APWH Unit 5 1750 - 1870
"Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World"
"The Early Industrial Revolution"
"Nation Building & Economic Transformation in the Americas"
"Africa, India, & the New British Empire"
"Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism"
"The New Power Balance"
"The New Imperialism"
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| 696898876 | Seven Years War 1756-1763 | England vs. France England wins India and midwest territories in the US Both countries raised taxes | 1 | |
| 696898877 | The Englightenment | liberal movement that applied Scientific Revolution to everyday life; most philosophers were French | 2 | |
| 696898878 | John Locke | most influential to Revolutions/Declarations; believed people are born good, have natural rights, limited government, citizens have duty to overthrow bad governments | 3 | |
| 696898879 | Jean Jacques Rousseau | believed in minimum government control, collective good, hated oppression, valued the majority | 4 | |
| 696898880 | Thomas Hobbes | not as liberal; wrote Leviathan; believed in social order because people were born bad | 5 | |
| 696898881 | Montesquieu | believed in division of government powers | 6 | |
| 696898882 | Voltaire | inspired 1st Amendment: freedom of religion, speech, and press; was against monarchy, brought ideas from China | 7 | |
| 696898883 | despots | Catherine the Great of Russia & Frederick of Prussia; patronized the Enlightenment | 8 | |
| 696898884 | Benjamin Franklin | believed in earning opportunity through merit not heredity | 9 | |
| 696898885 | English colonial problems post-1763 | conflict with Natives over fur trade / taxation without representation / Proclamation of 1763 & Quebec Act 1774 | 10 | |
| 696898886 | new colonial taxes | Stamp Act: on everyday products Townshend Act: on goods from Europe used in small businesses Tea tax: East Indian Company had monopoly on Indian tea | 11 | |
| 696898887 | Sons of Liberty | at front of protests against British | 12 | |
| 696898888 | Boston Massacre 1770 | colonial propaganda against the British; 5 civilians killed by British soldiers | 13 | |
| 696898889 | "Common Sense" | written by Thomas Paine to spur revolution among colonists | 14 | |
| 696898890 | Intolerable Acts | punishment for NE colonies after Boston Tea Party. 1- Boston harbor shut down/regulated by British 2- Marshall law (British military runs government) | 15 | |
| 696898891 | Continental Congress | 1775; formed army with General Washington; tried to implement colonial currency | 16 | |
| 696898892 | loyalists | supported by slaves & Amerindians | 17 | |
| 696898893 | American allies | France (navy, training, resources) Spain & Netherlands (weapons) | 18 | |
| 696898894 | Battle of Yorktown | 1778, Washington defeats Cornwallis | 19 | |
| 696898895 | Treaty of Paris 1783 | officially ended the American Revolution, Britain recognized US as independent | 20 | |
| 696898896 | Articles of Confederation | aimed at keeping national government weak, short term president, no taxes; accomplished nothing | 21 | |
| 696898897 | Constitutional Convention 1787 | formed new and improved US Constitution: taxes, majority vote, centralized | 22 | |
| 696898898 | Estates General | First Estate: clergy Second Estate: nobles Third Estate: peasants, merchants, artisans, bourgeoisie 98% of population | 23 | |
| 696898899 | National Assembly | collectively unifies Third Estate, wrote up Declaration of Rights of Man, was called for arrest | 24 | |
| 696898900 | "French disease" | Austria and Prussia threatened to interfere in French Revolution, National Assembly declared war on them in 1971 | 25 | |
| 696898901 | Storming of Bastille | July 14, 1789: beginning of French Revolution | 26 | |
| 696898902 | guillotine | "humane" execution method, symbol of violent French revolution | 27 | |
| 696898903 | The Terror | 1793-1794: Robespierre's ruthless, bloody, dictatorial rule of the French Revolution | 28 | |
| 696898904 | National Convention | radical liberal group (Jacobins & Girondists & more extreme Mountain faction), hated the Church | 29 | |
| 696898905 | Maximilien Robespierre | leader of National Convention Mountain faction; executed anyone who supported monarchy, eventually arrested and executed | 30 | |
| 696898906 | The Directory | 5 man group elected after The Terror; got nothing done | 31 | |
| 696898907 | Napoleon Bonaparte | popular authoritarianism; limited Church; liberal reforms; forced French culture upon conquered people; repressed women & freedoms of speech/press | 32 | |
| 696898908 | Gens de Couler | free colored people in Haiti who led Haitian Revolution | 33 | |
| 696898909 | Saint Dominique | sugar production = brutal slavery & wealth | 34 | |
| 696898910 | Toussaint Louverture | led Haitian Revolution, was imprisoned in France | 35 | |
| 696898911 | Haitian Revolution | 1794 -1804 | 36 | |
| 696898912 | American Revolution | 1776 - 1783 | 37 | |
| 696898913 | French Revolution | 1789 - 1792 | 38 | |
| 696898914 | Congress of Vienna | Napoleon's enemies (Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) meet up to reestablish monarchy and conservatism, results in Holy Alliance that represses liberalism/nationalism in Spain & Italy | 39 | |
| 696898915 | Greek independence | from Ottomans in 1830s | 40 | |
| 696898916 | War of 1812 | US declares war on England after they kidnap American shipmen as impressment to blockade France; US is forced to industralize, ends up winning | 41 | |
| 696898917 | Corn Laws | 50% tax on corn in Britain, gets people to vote indirectly | 42 | |
| 696898918 | Revolutions of 1848 | all across continental Europe, including second French Revolution (monarchy overthrown forever) | 43 | |
| 696898919 | industrializing European nations by 1850 | England, Wales, France, Belgium, Germanic states | 44 | |
| 696898920 | 5 innovations that led to industrial economy | mass production (division of labor), mechanization, iron manufacturing, steam engine, electric telegraph | 45 | |
| 696898921 | Chartism | led by Lovett and O'Connor; appealed to miners/industrial workers; left a legacy but was rejected | 46 | |
| 696898922 | Muhammad Ali | driving force of Egyptian industrialization, built up Egyptian economy/military, ordered peasants to grow cotton | 47 | |
| 696898923 | Why did imperial countries fuel the Industrial Revolution? | They were more advanced and had lots of resources. | 48 | |
| 696898924 | causes of the Industrial Revolution | 1- population growth 2- agricultural revolution 3- trade/inventiveness 4- england | 49 | |
| 696898925 | Technological Revolution | mass production (pottery), mechanization (cotton industry), iron industry (cheap), steam engine (most revolutionary invention, allowed deeper travel), railroads (triggered coal industry) | 50 | |
| 697193172 | Latin American Revolution | 1810-1825; started by creole elites who feared lower classes taking control; inspired by Napoleon and Enlightenment | 51 | |
| 697193174 | Laissez-faire | economic system supported by Adam Smith (father of economics) where the government has no intervention in the economy and it is self regulated by the people | 52 | |
| 697193175 | Positvists | utopian socialists; Robert Owen | 53 | |
| 697193177 | Simon Bolivar | led Venezuela's independence, inspired others, was a smart, military elite, led by force/charisma to gain mulattoes/slaves/natives as allies, promised them gains but lied | 54 | |
| 697193179 | Jose de San Martin | led Southern Liberation Forces | 55 | |
| 697193181 | Gran Columbia | formed in 1824; confederation of newly independent Latin American states | 56 | |
| 697193183 | Mexican Independence | 1810-1823; was Spain's richest colony; priests Hidalgo & Morelos led violent rebellions and were crushed by loyalists; second rebellion by Agustin de Iturbide won independence in 1821 | 57 | |
| 697193185 | Brasilian Independence | King John VI ruled in Brazil until 1821; Pedro stayed in Brazil and declared himself king with an independent constitutional monarchy, his liberal policies made him unpopular, he abdicated in favor of his son who reigned till 1889 | 58 | |
| 697193187 | power turnovers in Latin America | had no experience with constitutionalism unlike US and Canada; had bad influences from Napoleon | 59 | |
| 697193188 | Personalist leader | aka Populist leader. sought to represent the people and undermine the constitutional order and move toward dictatorship | 60 | |
| 697193190 | US Civil War | 1860-1865; example of regionalism in the US | 61 | |
| 697193194 | European intervention in Latin America | mostly successful; Spanish American War 1898, US gained Cuba, PR, DR, Guam, Philippines); US annexes Texas; French invasion of Mexico | 62 | |
| 697193196 | US abolishes slavery | 1865- 13th Amendment | 63 | |
| 697193197 | Brazil abolishes slavery | 1888 | 64 | |
| 697193199 | Cuba abolishes slavery | 1886 | 65 | |
| 697193201 | Puerto Rico abolishes slavery | 1873 | 66 | |
| 697193203 | Russia abolishes slavery | 1861 | 67 | |
| 697193204 | American immigration | as slave trade ends, immigration from Europe and Asia to the Americas increased | 68 | |
| 697193206 | Feminist movement | second half of 19th century, women's rights progressed slowly, Western countries; only upperclass women were politically active | 69 | |
| 697193208 | neocolonialism | nonindustrialized nation depends on industrialized nation economically, is only politically independent | 70 | |
| 697193210 | sphere of influence | intimidation is used to influence another country's decisions | 71 | |
| 697193212 | protectorate | native leader appointed, dominant government has influence, indirect rule | 72 | |
| 697193214 | colony annex | colonizing directly, often violently | 73 | |
| 698124673 | crown jewel of Britain | India (cotton, tea, spices, gold, rice, etc) | 74 | |
| 698124675 | nawabs | independent de facto rulers of regions of India after Mughal Empire fell | 75 | |
| 698124677 | Company Men | from the British East India Company; est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection; pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize them as "Bombay Presidency" | 76 | |
| 698124678 | sepoys | Indian soldiers hired by English men | 77 | |
| 698124679 | raj | the British Company's rule of India; administrative/social reform placed less emphasis on caste, aculturation, Christianity; supported Indian customs through superficial parades | 78 | |
| 698124680 | Before 1850s... | the English created a government that relied on sepoy military that disarmed Indian warriors, protected Christian missionaries.English's private lands, endorsed "traditional" rituals | 79 | |
| 698124681 | Indian elites | benefited from British political and economic influence while poor was oppressed | 80 | |
| 698124682 | Indian textile industry | collapsed due to competition with British industrialization | 81 | |
| 698124683 | Sepoy Rebellion 1857 | Sepoys revolt against British; was a severe shock to British; British government now assumes control of India | 82 | |
| 698124684 | causes of Sepoy Rebellion | animal fat greased bullet casings were against religion; forced to travel to places outside caste restrictions; sati abolished and divorce allowed | 83 | |
| 698124685 | British control of India | London in control; Indian princes kept in luxury to appease people; Durbar (fake ceremonies of Indian culture) | 84 | |
| 698124686 | Indian Civil Service | for bureaucrats (Indian & British), only British had highest status | 85 | |
| 698124687 | expanding production in India | British empire's money led to agricultural commodities, irrigation systems, railroads, and telegraphs, but DOES NOT INDUSTRIALIZE INDIA AS A WHOLE, only does this to benefit themselves. spread of cholera also leads to new sewage systems | 86 | |
| 698124688 | Pan Indian nationalism | embracing Indian pride and some British culture | 87 | |
| 698124689 | Rammouhan Roy and the Brahmo Smaj movement | Western secular values to replace caste, reforms traditional abuses of women to remove sati, Western nationalism that transcends religious differences | 88 | |
| 698124690 | First Indian National Congress 1885 | national/Hindu unity, service to community/education, mostly members of high castes, overall gained no widespread Indian support | 89 | |
| 698124691 | Cape Colony | valuable because of strategic importance as supply station and resources en route to India | 90 | |
| 698124692 | Afrikaners | people of white descent in South Africa (French/Dutch) | 91 | |
| 698124693 | Great Trek | 1836 and 1839 to find new colonies on fertile high veld that had been depopulated by Zulu Wars | 92 | |
| 698124694 | Southeast Asia | Singapore, Assam & Burma annexed in 1820s | 93 | |
| 698124695 | British interest in | trade, not territory | 94 | |
| 698124696 | Australia | first sighted by Portuguese in 17th cent., colonized by English; Aborigines and Maori died off mostly; was a penal colony | 95 | |
| 698124697 | Gold in Australia | found in 1851, rush of migrants | 96 | |
| 698124698 | migrations | Indian, Chinese, African, Japanese migrated to British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii; working in sugar production | 97 | |
| 698124699 | indentured servants | lower quality lives than British emigrants | 98 | |
| 698124700 | Shaka | gave Zulu new national identity | 99 | |
| 698124701 | West Africa | slavery still existed, purified Islam & jihad; largest states in Hausa (Sokoto Caliphate); more learning centers; less rights for women as slaves take their jobs | 100 | |
| 698124702 | Muhammad Ali | raised military by requiring peasants to grow cotton for exports | 101 | |
| 698124703 | Ismail | focused on westernization in Syria, railroads in Cairo, borrowed $$$ from France, when the market for cotton collapsed after Civil War, France and England occupy Egypt | 102 | |
| 698124704 | Ethiopian kings | reconquered land in late 19th century, purchased modern weapons and began to manufacture weapons locally, resisted imperialism | 103 | |
| 698124705 | David Livingstone & Henry Morton Stanley | missionaries who traced rivers in Africa | 104 | |
| 698124706 | 1808 | British started prohibiting people from slave trade using navy blockades | 105 | |
| 698124707 | legitimate trade | Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (gold and palm oil sold by Jaga) | 106 | |
| 698124708 | Tippu Tip | formed an empire using money gained from selling ivory with high western demand | 107 | |
| 698124709 | secondary empires | formed from dependency on European weapons | 108 | |
| 698124710 | Sultan Mahmud II | used popular outrage (loss of Greece) to reform/rally, formed new army with no jannisaries and less religious elites (TANZIMAT REFORMS) | 109 | |
| 698124711 | Tanzimat Reforms | Ottoman reform; French/German training, general education, foreign instructors, language, urban wealth, clothing, equal taxation, equal access to courts for males, women lose inheritance | 110 | |
| 698124712 | The Crimean War | Russia's SW expansion bothers France & England so they fight with Ottoman allies and beat Russia | 111 | |
| 698124713 | Impact of Crimean War | warfare tech, Russia discredited, Turk-French unity, percussion caps/breech rifles machine guns, railways, Trench warfare Ottoman changes: continued European model is very expensive = fiscal problems, loans, trade deficit, inflation | 112 | |
| 698124714 | Turkish nationalism | law that would permit all men to vote left Muslims worried that Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society, contributed to hositlities against Christians and genocide against Armenians | 113 | |
| 698124715 | Young Turks | liberals who wanted westernized politics, constitutionalism, national Turkish state; 1826 granted a constitution but a coup placed a more conservative ruler in place and Ottoman was further weakened | 114 | |
| 698124716 | European question | to help or destroy the Ottoman Empire | 115 | |
| 698124717 | Russia | had slow development because of isolation | 116 | |
| 698124718 | Great Embassy | trip taken by Peter the Great to explore Europe and bring back knowledge and reform Russia | 117 | |
| 698124719 | Russia | developed relations with Europe while Ottoman eventually succumbs during 1850-1900 | 118 | |
| 698124720 | Qing China | restored peace and promoted expansion of agricultural economy | 119 | |
| 698124721 | White Lotus Rebellion | under Qing, wanted Buddhism and Ming ways back | 120 | |
| 698124722 | Opium war 1839-1850 | Qin didn't take British opium trade seriously, banned opium in 1839, Lin Zenxu went to Canton to deal with British, ends w/ Treaty of Nanking which allowed British free trade and extraterritoriality | 121 | |
| 698124723 | Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 | pacified poorer Chinese but fell to Chinese/British/French alliance, resulted in 20 mil deaths, depopulation, 14 years of destruction, Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, resurgence of the Plague, and decentralized China | 122 | |
| 698124724 | Tongzhi Restoration | reform modeled after USA after Qing, aristocrats contributed as well as France/England; large zones with governors, in general it failed | 123 | |
| 698124725 | inventions of the New Industrial Revolution | submarines, electric telegraphs, dynamite, plastics, steels, electricity = world trade increased | 124 | |
| 698124726 | until 1914 | value of exports from tropical countries remained high | 125 | |
| 698124727 | European population | rose worldwide due to diverse diets, medicine, hospitals, etc; people also emigrated to US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina | 126 | |
| 698124728 | English Midlands, German Ruhr, Tokyo Bay | pop and size grew tremendously | 127 | |
| 698124729 | separate spheres | middle-class ideal where home life was separated from the workplace and womens roles were separate from mens | 128 | |
| 698124730 | Victorian Age | increased cleanliness, politeness, raise children, frowned on careers, etc | 129 | |
| 698124731 | working class women | domestic servants, textile factories, mothers; long hours, hard labor, sexual abuse, etc | 130 | |
| 698124732 | Karl Marx | wrote Communist Manifesto, despised capitalism wanted to ranslate his intellect into political action | 131 | |
| 698124733 | labor movements | formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers (were accused of being communists) | 132 | |
| 698124734 | Austria and Hungary | hard to unify because of multiethnic bonds and borders | 133 | |
| 698124735 | language | usually the crucial element of creating national unity | 134 | |
| 698124736 | Italian unification | popular leaders with influence favored unification, Pope and Austria opposed it as Austria lost land; added Venetia and Papal states to territory | 135 | |
| 698124737 | German unification | wars led by Prussia divided German speakers among Prussia, West Austria, etc. Franco-Prussian War | 136 | |
| 698124738 | nationalism after 1871 | nationalism used to justify imposition of dominant religion, language, or customs on a minority pop...Social Darwinism | 137 | |
| 698124739 | Otto Van Bismarck | formed loose coalition with Austria, Hungary, and Russia (Triple Alliance) which formed a strong sense of national unity | 138 | |
| 698124740 | The Second Reich | Wilhelm II, keiser of Germany, emphasis on colonization | 139 | |
| 698124741 | France | second best army to Germany; universal education; divided between Catholics and republicans; strong nationhood; popular participation in politics | 140 | |
| 698124742 | Britain | stable government, disparity in wealth, expensive empire, Irish resentment, splendid isolation | 141 | |
| 698124743 | Austria | nationalism weakened slavs and dominated Balkan | 142 | |
| 698124744 | Russia | czar Alexander II ended serfdom in 1861 | 143 | |
| 698124745 | Russo-Japanese War | 1904-05; fought over China, Japan won, formation of Dama in Russia | 144 | |
| 698124746 | Ci Xi vs Tokugawa | westernization was difficult | 145 | |
| 698124747 | Matthew C Perry | American Commodore sent by President Pierce to Japan with fleet of steam worships to demand Japan open trade in 1853 | 146 | |
| 698124748 | Meiji Restoration | 1868-1894; military reform, industrialization, science, engineering; was easy because Japan had a history of adaptation; raised money through taxes and selling government land | 147 | |
| 698124749 | Japanese Imperialism | authoritarian constitutional monarchy; sphere of influence in Korea/Manchuria/China | 148 | |
| 698124750 | new imperalism | territorial conquest for reorganized new world economy/food/resources; Europeans and Americans | 149 | |
| 698124751 | direct imperialism | in Africa, indirect in Latin America | 150 | |
| 698124752 | motives for imperalism | political: national prestige/colonial agents cultural: missionary work, adventure, competition, nationalism economic: industrialization, demand for goods, entreprenuers | 151 | |
| 698124753 | Europeans and Americans | built new imperialism because they had steamships, Suez Canal, submarine cables, Quinine, machine guns, etc | 152 | |
| 698124754 | colonial administration | indigenous elite used as leaders, youth were trained for modern jobs in colonies | 153 | |
| 698124755 | khedives | carried out expensive modernization in Egypt | 154 | |
| 698124756 | Leopold II of Belgium | first to colonize Africa; wanted rubber from Congo; were violent | 155 | |
| 698124757 | Berlin Conference 1885 | imperial countries met to split up Africa | 156 | |
| 698124758 | Southern Africa | had gold, diamond, crops, ports; English settlers defeated Zi;i amd Xhosa | 157 | |
| 698124759 | Cecil Rhodes | used British South African Company to take over land in Central Africa = Rhodesia | 158 | |
| 698124760 | Boer War 1899-1902 | South African War, between English and Afrikaners; through Armistice treaty all joined collectively and formed the Union of South Africa in 1910 | 159 | |
| 698124761 | apartheid | by Afrikaners and Union until mid 90s | 160 | |
| 698124762 | Menelik II | modernized Ethiopia and resisted Italy in 1896 | 161 | |
| 698124763 | Thailand/Siam | resisted imperialism | 162 | |
| 698124764 | Spanish American War | Philippines annexed in 1898; also gained Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico) | 163 | |
| 698124765 | Monroe Doctrine | listed Latin America off limits to anyone but USA | 164 | |
| 698124766 | Panama Canal 1903 | east to west travel, exploited Panama, took advantage of government | 165 | |
| 698124767 | Shi'ite | regards Ali as successor to Mohammed | 166 | |
| 698124768 | Sunni | accepts caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad | 167 | |
| 698124769 | Abbasid Caliphate | flourishing and prosperous, new capital in Baghdad, Persian influence; golden age of Islam, unity was short lived, fractured into sultanates, overthrown by Mongols | 168 | |
| 698124770 | Ummayad Caliphate | illegitimate usurpers, lots of discontent, luxurious living and impiety; overthrown by Abbasid | 169 | |
| 698124771 | hadith | journals of Muhammad, Sunna | 170 | |
| 698124772 | Sharia law | the code of law derived from the Quran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed | 171 | |
| 698124775 | Tang | reunified China after Sui; emperors legitimized control with Buddhism; avoided over centralization, civil service, many benefits for Buddhists, by late 9th cent. Buddhism cracked down | 172 | |
| 698124779 | Song inventions | movable type, flying money, calendar, compass, junk, gunpowder, astrolabe; neo Confucianism | 173 | |
| 698124782 | Zheng He | eunuch who led voyages of gigantic fleet through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa under Ming Dynasty | 174 | |
| 698124784 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 175 | |
| 698124786 | 16th century Mediterranean trade | dominated by Italy and Ottoman Muslims | 176 | |
| 698124789 | Ottoman Empire | 1299 | 177 | |
| 698124791 | Ibn Battuta | Muslim who traveled to Mali, Persia, and India | 178 | |
| 698124793 | Han and Rome | both agriculture economy, dependent on peasantry; homogenous core, expansion of pop, autonomy to local officials, cities were centers of empire, defending borders was hard | 179 | |
| 698124796 | Han vs Rome | Romans were more individualistic; no social conduct standard in Rome, greater economic mobility in Rome, China had more divine leadership, Christianity prevailed over Roman tradition, Confucianism is brought back | 180 | |
| 698124798 | Bantu migrations | farmers and herders who migrated south from West Africa and spread language | 181 | |
| 698124801 | Hellenistic Era | under Alexander the Great; mixture and spread of Greek and Persian fused culture | 182 | |
| 698124803 | chronological order | vikings > crusades > black death > columbian exchange | 183 | |
| 698124805 | Chang'an | capital of Han and Tang; huge, million residents, most lived outside walls, curfew | 184 | |
| 698124807 | Karakoram | capital of Mongol empire | 185 | |
| 698124809 | Kilwa | city-state on east African coast; major trading center by 14th century | 186 | |
| 698124811 | Cuzco | capital of the Inca empire | 187 |
