Terms : Hide Images
| 296856839 | Joint-stock company | A group of people in an enterprise with stock that can be transfered. | |
| 296856840 | Middle Passage | the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade | |
| 296856841 | Cartography | the making of maps and charts | |
| 296856842 | Caravels | Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. | |
| 296856843 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests. | |
| 296856844 | Okra | an edible tropical plant brought to Americas by African slaves. | |
| 296856845 | Gunpowder Empires | strong military empires who were able to succeed because of the new use of gunpowder | |
| 296856846 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | |
| 296856847 | Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397) | |
| 296856848 | Mita | in the Incan empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. | |
| 296856849 | Chattel slavery | ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought as sold like property. | |
| 296856850 | Big Geography | refers to global study versus the study of local geography | |
| 296856851 | Paleolithic Period | a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8,000 BC, during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons--also called the Old Stone Age. | |
| 296856852 | Hunting and Foraging | Adaptations based on the harvest of wild (undomesticated) plants and animals | |
| 296856853 | Egalitarian society | a society in which all persons of a given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige. | |
| 296856854 | Pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. | |
| 296856855 | Neolithic Revolution | This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. | |
| 296856856 | Tartars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th century; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | |
| 296856857 | Feudal Contract | an unwritten set of rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal - the major obligation was to perform military service (40 days a year) | |
| 296856858 | Greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | |
| 296856859 | Sufi | a Muslim who represents the mystical dimension of Islam | |
| 296856860 | Sunni Muslim | a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad | |
| 296856861 | Shi'a Muslim | a member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs | |
| 296856862 | Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | |
| 296856863 | Zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims | |
| 296856864 | Umma | Muslim religious community | |
| 296856865 | Bantu | a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent | |
| 296856866 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | |
| 296856867 | Qanat | underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians | |
| 296856868 | Lateen Sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade | |
| 296856869 | Athens | Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture. | |
| 296856870 | Polis | Greek word for city-state | |
| 296856871 | Hellenistic Empire | The area left after Alexander of Macedonia passed away; period of massive Greek influence; included Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and India. | |
| 296856872 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts | |
| 296856873 | Han Empire | A powerful Classical Empire in China from 200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E. Responsible for many contributions: Civil Service System, Silk Road, Silk-Making. | |
| 296856874 | Achaemenid | 558- 333B.C.E, first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus who capitalized on weakening Syrian and Babylonian empires. Peak was under Darius | |
| 296856875 | Stratification | Friction among social classes | |
| 296856876 | Doric Order | simple, heavy columns without a base and topped by a broad, plain capital | |
| 296856877 | Ionic Order | columns had an elaborated base and a capital carved into double scrolls that looked like the horns of a ram | |
| 296856878 | Ancestor Veneration | Practiced mostly by Confucianists; the honoring of dead family members | |
| 296856879 | Shamanism | an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans | |
| 296856880 | Hispaniola | 1st island in Carribean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on 2nd voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World | |
| 296856881 | Changan | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million | |
| 296856882 | Vassals | Greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords | |
| 296856883 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Isalm; came to power in 750 C.E. | |
| 296856884 | El Mina | Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa | |
| 296856885 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312-337 C.E.; established 2nd capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spritually | |
| 296856886 | Chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south | |
| 296856887 | Choson | Earliest Korean kingdom, conquered by Han in 109 B.C.E. | |
| 296856888 | Hadiths | Traditions of the prophet Muhammad | |
| 296856889 | Griots | Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire | |
| 296856890 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | |
| 296856891 | Henry the Navigator | Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century (C.E.); marked beginning of western European expansion | |
| 296856892 | Huacas | Sacred spirits and powers that resided or appeared in caves, mountains, rocks, rivers, and other natural phenomena; typical of Andean societies | |
| 296856893 | British East India Company | Joint stock company that obtained govt. monopoly over trade in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain | |
| 296856894 | Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom established in northern portions of the Balkan pennisula constant source of pressure on Byzantine Empire defeated by Emperor Basil the 2nd in 1014 C.E. | |
| 296856895 | Galileo | Published Copernicus' findings (17th cent. C.E.); and added his own dicoveries about laws of gravity and planetary motion. He was condemed by the Catholic church | |
| 296856896 | Consuls | Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies | |
| 296856897 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw the building of the military and administration systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India, pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu pinces; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu population of India | |
| 296856898 | Caliph | the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | |
| 296856899 | Iconoclasm | a challenge to or overturning of traditional beliefs, customs, and values, any movement against the religious use of images | |
| 296856900 | Maya | a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between CE 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy | |
| 296856901 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. | |
| 296856902 | Julius Caesar | Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome & overthrew the Republic; he was assassinated 44 BCE by conservative | |
| 296856903 | Ivan the Terrible | (1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. | |
| 296856904 | Ivan the Great | Ivan III, was the Grand Duke of Moscow, ended Mongol domination of his dukedom, extended territories, subdued nobles, and attained absolute power; made Moscow the center of a new Russian state with a central government | |
| 296856905 | civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | |
| 296868737 | Codification | a set of rules or principles or laws (especially written ones) | |
| 296868738 | Untouchables | LOWEST LEVEL OF INDIAN SOCIETY; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult |
