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| 13588556370 | Mandate from Heaven | The belief that an emperor has an allowance from heaven to rule; this is revoked during times of disaster | 0 | |
| 13588579661 | Charlamagne | a king of the Franks who conquered much of Europe and spread Christianity in the conquered regions, Crowned holy roman emperor | 1 | |
| 13588584950 | Cyrus the Great | king of Persia during classical age (600 BCE- 600 CE) Known for his tolerance, Built the royal road | 2 | |
| 13588625414 | Siddharta Gautama | The founder of the Buddist religion,he was known as Buddha or "the enlightened one". | 3 | |
| 13588631107 | Thomas Aquinas | A scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning came up with unalienable rights. | 4 | |
| 13588681307 | Montesque | separation of powers, Enlightenment writer | 5 | |
| 13588688715 | Thomas Jefferson | Wrote the Declaration of Independence, which identified unalienable rights as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and referred to the social contract | 6 | |
| 13588715770 | Ivan the Great | He ended nearly 200 years of Mongol domination of his dukedom. Tripled the size of Muscovy | 7 | |
| 13588733944 | Ivan the Terrible | Known for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. | 8 | |
| 13588768853 | Genghis Khan | Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created the largest single land empire in history. | 9 | |
| 13588792775 | Shi Huang Di (Qin China) | used legalism in ruling, Qin dynasty - reunified china, legalistic, introduced the standard units of money, unified the great wall, buried with 7000 terracotta soldiers, hated Confucianism, died by accidental poisoning | 10 | |
| 13588825126 | Wu Ti | Han "Warrior Emperor" who greatly expanded the empire, supported Confucianism and the bureaucratic exam system; beginning of Pax Sinica | 11 | |
| 13588870946 | Chandrgupta | founded Mauryan Empire in ancient India, paranoid absolutist | 12 | |
| 13588898935 | Ashoka | Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India.. He converted to Buddhism and built temples. | 13 | |
| 13588951443 | Termujin | the real name of Ghengis Khan | 14 | |
| 13588955392 | King John of England | king who signed the Magna Carta at the end of a conflict that was a result of high taxes | 15 | |
| 13588981982 | King Richard the Lionheart | the king of England who fought against Saladin in the Crusades (namely the Third Crusade). He never managed to reclaim Jerusalem, but he did strengthen Christian holds near the Holy Land | 16 | |
| 13588988234 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 17 | |
| 13588998480 | Reconqista | The recapture of Muslim-held lands in Spain by Christian forces; it was completed in 1492 | 18 | |
| 13589005822 | 1st Crusade | The First Crusade (1095-1102 CE) was a military campaign by western European forces to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. it was called for by Pope Urban II. He said if you supported/ went on crusade your sins would be forgiven, which would later lead to the church selling indulgences. | 19 | |
| 13619254482 | 3rd Crusade | Richard the Lionheart is away from England leading to King John to raise taxes. This leads to the signing of the Magna Carta. | 20 | |
| 13619281546 | 4th cursade | The Fourth Crusade was called to retake Jerusalem from its current Muslim overlords. However, due to Venetian trading ambitions, they ended up taking over Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. They had control for 50+ years. The city never recovered and eventually fell to ottomans. | 21 | |
| 13619316517 | Voltaire | French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. " I may not agree with what you say but I will defend with my life you're right to say it." | 22 | |
| 13619358915 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 23 | |
| 13619362485 | William Skakespeare | William Shakespeare, English poet, dramatist, and actor, often called the English national poet and considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time. 1450- 1750, art became more accessible to commoners, not just the elite. | 24 | |
| 13619409675 | Issac Newton | Greatest scientist in the Scientific Revolution. British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia" | 25 | |
| 13619413127 | Copernicus | Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not the earth, Heliocentric theory | 26 | |
| 13619437727 | Galileo | An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. | 27 | |
| 13619452868 | Ptolemy | The Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus | 28 | |
| 13622826579 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. Socratic method, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking, bases of Rationalism and Humanism. | 29 | |
| 13622836436 | Plato | (430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. Came up with a form of a Government, a Republic. | 30 | |
| 13622841720 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. | 31 | |
| 13622903690 | Alexander the Great | son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world | 32 | |
| 13622935146 | Ethnocentrism | Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. | 33 | |
| 13622946104 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. he was eventually defeated by them | 34 | |
| 13622967167 | Octavian | Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. | 35 | |
| 13623009314 | Ceaser Augustus | first Roman emperor | 36 | |
| 13623015538 | Constintine | Known as a great Roman Emperor. Stopped persecution of Christians and made religion legal. Baptized a Christian on his death bed. | 37 | |
| 13623035342 | Paul | Follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world. He was a Roman citizen. | 38 | |
| 13623060818 | Abraham | Founder of Judaism; made the first covenant with God | 39 | |
| 13623113864 | Muwali | Non-Arab converts to Islam | 40 | |
| 13623116891 | Byzantine Empire | The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after Emperor Constantine. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. | 41 |
