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| 260557498 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese captain in service of King and Queen of Castile and Aragon; succesfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in the Americas. | 0 | |
| 260557499 | Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines. | 1 | |
| 260557500 | Dutch East India Company | Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. | 2 | |
| 260557501 | British East India Company | Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. | 3 | |
| 260557502 | Lepanto | Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571 | 4 | |
| 260557503 | Core nations | Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials. | 5 | |
| 260557504 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed government's promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. | 6 | |
| 260557505 | Vasco de Balboa | First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initials settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. | 7 | |
| 260557506 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish. | 8 | |
| 260557507 | New France | French colonies in North America; extended from St.Lawrence River along Great lakes and down Mississippi River valley system. | 9 | |
| 260557508 | Seven years War | Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America. | 10 | |
| 260557509 | Treaty of Paris | Arranged in 1763 following seven years war; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean. | 11 | |
| 260557510 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. | 12 | |
| 260557511 | Boers | Dutch settlers in Cape Colony; in Southern Africa | 13 | |
| 260557512 | Calcutta | head quarters of British East India company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal. | 14 | |
| 260557513 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance | 15 | |
| 260557514 | Humanism | Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages. | 16 | |
| 260557515 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c, 1450; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance. | 17 | |
| 260557516 | Francis I | King of France in 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church, ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman Empire. | 18 | |
| 260557517 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced moveable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets. | 19 | |
| 260557518 | European Style Family | Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of Western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married. | 20 | |
| 260557519 | Martin Luther | German monk; initiated protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenburg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church. | 21 | |
| 260557520 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against Catholic Church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief. | 22 | |
| 260557521 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly protestan following Henry's death. | 23 | |
| 260557522 | Jean Calvin | French protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America. | 24 | |
| 260557523 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to protestant Reformation; established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted protestant beliefs. | 25 | |
| 260557524 | Jesuits | A new religious order during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia. | 26 | |
| 260557525 | Edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 27 | |
| 260557526 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark and France), and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 28 | |
| 260557527 | English Civil War | Conflicts from 16410 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers if the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. | 29 | |
| 260557528 | Proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries. | 30 | |
| 260557529 | Witchcraft persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in protestant areas | 31 | |
| 260557530 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. | 32 | |
| 260557531 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the Earth was at the center of the Universe. | 33 | |
| 260557532 | Johannes Kepler | Was an astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in scientific revolution | 34 | |
| 260557533 | Deism | Concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity as to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once the process was begun. | 35 | |
| 260557534 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from people, not divine right of Kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants. | 36 | |
| 260557535 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. | 37 | |
| 260557536 | William Harvey | English physician who demonstrated circular movements of blood in animals, function of heart as pump. | 38 | |
| 260557537 | Francis Bacon | Was and English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist. He was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method. | 39 | |
| 260557538 | Rene Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom, argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. | 40 | |
| 260557539 | Isaac Newton | English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity. | 41 | |
| 260557540 | Absolute Monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. | 42 | |
| 260557541 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 43 | |
| 260557542 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the King. | 44 | |
| 260557543 | Parliamentary Monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with Kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 45 | |
| 260557544 | Frederick the great | Prussian king of 18th century; attempted to introduce enlightenment reform into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. | 46 | |
| 260557545 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 47 | |
| 260557546 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. | 48 | |
| 260557547 | Denis Diderot | A french Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia. | 49 | |
| 260557548 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. | 50 | |
| 260557549 | Mass Consumerism | Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of mass consumerism can be found in several pre-modern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in Western Europe, from the 18th century onward. | 51 |
