Terms : Hide Images
| 2474333228 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE | 0 | |
| 2474335182 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology | 1 | |
| 2474340316 | Khalifa Abdallahi | Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598 | 2 | |
| 2474344206 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 3 | |
| 2474356928 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 | 4 | |
| 2474362579 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 5 | |
| 2474364747 | absolute monarchy | concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies | 6 | |
| 2474373064 | African National Congress | Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa | 7 | |
| 2474377146 | Afrikaner National Party | Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid | 8 | |
| 2474384514 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India | 9 | |
| 2474392787 | al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry | 10 | |
| 2474395917 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 11 | |
| 2474399883 | al-Mahdi | Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'is to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 12 | |
| 2474415011 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession | 13 | |
| 2474417959 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is | 14 | |
| 2474422752 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848 | 15 | |
| 2474428444 | Allah | Supreme God in strictly monotheistic Islam | 16 | |
| 2474429402 | Salvador Allende | President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of land and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States | 17 | |
| 2474435113 | Alliance for Progress | Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention | 18 | |
| 2474442342 | Almohadis | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa | 19 | |
| 2474454505 | Almoravids | A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain | 20 | |
| 2474463090 | Pedro Cabral Alvares | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 21 | |
| 2474465098 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution | 22 | |
| 2474469351 | American Civil War | Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South | 23 | |
| 2474474088 | American exceptionalism | Historical argument that the development of the United States was largely distinctive; contact with Western Europe was incidental to the larger development of the United States on its own terms | 24 | |
| 2474479004 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America | 25 | |
| 2474484556 | amigos del pais | clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 26 | |
| 2474489803 | anarchists | Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarists autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881 | 27 | |
| 2474494320 | Anasazi | "The ancient ones"; culture located in southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 CE; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs | 28 | |
| 2474498054 | Anglican church | Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VII with himself as head at least in part to obtain a divorce form his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 29 | |
| 2474508309 | Anschluss | Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took place in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations | 30 | |
| 2474510735 | apartheid | Policy of strict radical segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically | 31 | |
| 2474515906 | appeasement | Policy of Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression; particularly applied to Munich Conference agreements; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 | 32 | |
| 2474521321 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 33 | |
| 2524898144 | Corazon Aquino | First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of the late 1980s; whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator | 34 | |
| 2524911034 | arabic numerals | Acutally an Indian system of numerical notation transported by Arabs to West; central to two scientific revolutions | 35 | |
| 2524922677 | Aragon | Along with Castile, a regional kingdom of the Iberian peninsula; presseed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda | 36 | |
| 2524936968 | Juan Jose Arevalo | Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of Socialist reforms including land reform; Naitonalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit company | 37 | |
| 2524944753 | Aregentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists | 38 | |
| 2524950111 | Asante Empire | Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650 | 39 | |
| 2524957975 | asantehene | Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool | 40 | |
| 2524963537 | Takuaji Ashikaga | Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino | 41 | |
| 2524979945 | Asian sea trading network | Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; and China based on paper, porcelain, and silks | 42 | |
| 2524992339 | Atlantic Charter of 1941 | World War II alliance agreement between the United States and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people the choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization | 43 | |
| 2525009414 | Atlantic Colonies | British colonies in North America; originally restricted to the coastline of the Atlantic Ocean from New England to Georgia | 44 | |
| 2525014179 | audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates | 45 | |
| 2525026873 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determines to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite mulitary successes; died in 1707 | 46 | |
| 2525038468 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule | 47 | |
| 2525045302 | ayllus | Households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, somtimes mythical ancestor | 48 | |
| 2525054289 | Aztecs | The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sendentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco | 49 | |
| 2525067815 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended form Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530 | 50 | |
| 2525076956 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon | 51 | |
| 2525082496 | Baibars | Commander of Mameluk forces at Ain Jalut; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians | 52 | |
| 2525089232 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succedded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community | 53 | |
| 2525098708 | bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai | 54 | |
| 2525133365 | Vasco de Balboa | First Spanish captian to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captians | 55 | |
| 2525147309 | Balfour Declaration | British minister's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine during World War I; issued in 1917 | 56 | |
| 2525152899 | Balkan | Peninsula located in south-eastern Europe, including Macedonia and Greece, plus what became Bulgaria; controlled by Byzantine Empire | 57 | |
| 2525160720 | Balkan nationalism | Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of cries within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I | 58 | |
| 2525171251 | banana republics | Term given to conservative governments supported or created by the United States in Latin America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests | 59 | |
| 2525189166 | Bangladesh | Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan | 60 | |
| 2525197520 | banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes indentified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty | 61 | |
| 2525208598 | Batavia | Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java | 62 | |
| 2525215263 | Fulgencio Batista | Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro | 63 | |
| 2525225122 | Battle of River Zab | Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital | 64 | |
| 2525229864 | Battle of Siffin | Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party | 65 | |
| 2525236813 | Batu | Ruler of Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236 | 66 | |
| 2525241401 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam | 67 | |
| 2525250766 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy | 68 | |
| 2525254606 | Belisarius | One of Justinian's most important military commanders during preiod of reconquest of western Europe; commanded in North Africa and in Italy | 69 | |
| 2525271508 | Benedict of Nursia | Founder of monaticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine Empire | 70 | |
| 2525293342 | Benin | City-state formed in the 14th century under Ewuare the Great; control extended from Niger River to coast near modern Lagos. A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast, the city-state came into contact with the Portugese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century | 71 | |
| 2525332708 | Berke | Ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East | 72 | |
| 2525341578 | Berlin Wall | Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was toen down at end of Cold War in 1991 | 73 | |
| 2525358226 | St. Bernard of Clarivaux | Emphasized role of faith in prefernece to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities | 74 | |
| 2525366672 | bhatic cults | Groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu | 75 | |
| 2525378754 | Benazir Bhutto | Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power | 76 | |
| 2525394884 | Biafra | Founded as an independent nation in eastern Nigeria, where the Ibo people were most numerous; suppressed as an independent state and reincorporated into Nigeria in 1970 | 77 | |
| 2525414053 | Otto van Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes | 78 | |
| 2525429342 | Black death | Plauge the struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced European's population; affected social structure | 79 | |
| 2525438393 | Blitzkrieg | German term for lightning warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in World War II | 80 | |
| 2525453097 | bodhisattvas | Buddhist holy men; built up spiritual merits during their lifetime; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness | 81 | |
| 2525458961 | Boer republic | Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s | 82 | |
| 2525476186 | Boer War | Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in South Africa | 83 | |
| 2525488851 | Boers | Dutch settlers in Cape Colony | 84 | |
| 2525491506 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military successs led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | 85 | |
| 2525502218 | Bolshevik Revolution | After intial revolution in March 1917 had set up a liberal regime in Russia, the well-organized Bolshevik faction of the communist party, under Lenin, seized power in November ( October by the Russian calander); the Bolsheviks capitalized on wonder strikes and widespread discontent with Russia's continued participation in World War I; quickly moved to set up a new political and social regime | 86 | |
| 2525523526 | Bolsheviks | Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution | 87 | |
| 2525538860 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 | 88 | |
| 2525558580 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of internetion of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 89 |
