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| 7771892013 | lateen | Triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms, or yard arms, which extended diagonally high across the fore and aft of the ship | 0 | |
| 7771892014 | al-Mandi | (775-785) Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession | 1 | |
| 7771892015 | Harum al-Rashid | One of the great Islamic rulers of the Abbasid era | 2 | |
| 7771892016 | Buyids | Regional splinter dynasty of the mid 10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads | 3 | |
| 7771892017 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century | 4 | |
| 7771892018 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy | 5 | |
| 7771892019 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam | 6 | |
| 7771892020 | Ibn Khaldun | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations | 7 | |
| 7771892021 | Shah-Nama | written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests | 8 | |
| 7771892022 | ulama | Orthodox relgious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 9 | |
| 7771892023 | al-Ghazali | Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 10 | |
| 7771892024 | Mongols | Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph | 11 | |
| 7771892025 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170's in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. | 12 | |
| 7771892026 | Hulegu | ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 13 | |
| 7771892027 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 14 | |
| 7771892028 | Muhammad ibn Qasim | (661-750) Arab general: conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire | 15 | |
| 7771892029 | Mahmud of Ghazni | (971-1030) Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in Northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression | 16 | |
| 7771892030 | Muhammad of Ghur | (1173-1206) Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control | 17 | |
| 7771892031 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | (1206-1210) Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India. | 18 | |
| 7771892032 | Bhaktic cults | Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu | 19 | |
| 7771892033 | Mira Bai | Celebrated Hindu writer of relgious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 20 | |
| 7771892034 | Kabir | Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam | 21 | |
| 7771892035 | Shrivijaya | Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of the empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion | 22 | |
| 7771892036 | Malacca | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands | 23 | |
| 7771892037 | Demak | Most powerful of the trading states on north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports. | 24 |
