Terms : Hide Images
| 9814544018 | Aquifers | Permeable layers of rock and sediment that contain groundwater in many small spaces. |  | 0 |
| 9814544019 | Unconfined Aquifer | Water can flow easily in and out of the aquifer. Porous rock covered by soil | | 1 |
| 9814544020 | Confined Aquifer | Aquifers covered by an impermeable and confining layer impeding water flow in or out. | | 2 |
| 9814544021 | Water Table | Uppermost aquifer layer where water fully saturates the rock or soil. |  | 3 |
| 9814544022 | Groundwater Recharge | Water from precipitation percolates through soil and into aquifer. If confined, can't recharge. |  | 4 |
| 9814544023 | Springs | Water from some aquifers naturally comes up, natural source of freshwater |  | 5 |
| 9814544024 | Artesian Wells | Drilled hole in a confined aquifer releases pressure and pushes water up. |  | 6 |
| 9814544025 | Cone of Depression | Area where there's no longer any groundwater, caused by well overuse, eventually will go dry. |  | 7 |
| 9814544026 | Saltwater intrusion | Lessened pressure from over-pumping so salt water infiltrates and makes well water salty. |  | 8 |
| 9814544027 | Floodplain | Land adjacent to river where excess water spreads onto. |  | 9 |
| 9814544028 | Oligotrophic | Lakes with low productivity because of little nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. |  | 10 |
| 9814544029 | Mesotrophic | Lakes with moderate levels of productivity |  | 11 |
| 9814544030 | Eutrophic | Lakes with high levels of productivity |  | 12 |
| 9814544031 | Impermeable Surfaces | Pavement, buildings, etc. Doesn't allow water penetration, water then runs into sewers and streams. Excess water causes floods. |  | 13 |
| 9814544032 | Levee | Enlarged bank on each side of river to prevent flooding |  | 14 |
| 9814544033 | Dikes | Similar to levees but to prevent ocean waters from flooding coasts that are under sea level. |  | 15 |
| 9814544034 | Dam | Barrier that runs across a river/stream to control water flow |  | 16 |
| 9814544035 | Reservoir | Large body of water stored behind a dam. Held for consumption, generating electricity, flood control, or recreation. |  | 17 |
| 9814544036 | Fish Ladders | Sets of stairs with water flowing over them to have fish migrate despite dams. |  | 18 |
| 9814544037 | Aqueducts | Canals or ditches used to carry water between locations. Transports water to dry areas. |  | 19 |
| 9814544038 | Desalination | Removes salt from salt water to make fresh water. |  | 20 |
| 9814544039 | Distillation | Desalination method. Seawater flows in, heated to create steam, cool seawater in condensing coil causes steam to condense. Brine and fresh water then flows out. |  | 21 |
| 9814544040 | Reverse Osmosis | Desalination method. Seawater flows in, pressure applied, water goes through semipermeable membrane, salt can't. Water and brine flows out. |  | 22 |
| 9814544041 | Hydroponic Agriculture | Cultivation under greenhouse conditions with roots in nutrient rich solution, and not soil. |  | 23 |
| 9814544042 | Oceanic Plates | Lie underneath ocean. Dense and rich in iron | 24 | |
| 9814544043 | Subsurface Mining | Tunnels within mountain where people go in. | 25 | |
| 9814544044 | Placer Mining | Process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments | 26 | |
| 9814544045 | Mountaintop Removal | Miners remove entire top of a mountain with explosives | 27 | |
| 9814544046 | Open pit mining | Create large pit or hole in ground to mine | 28 | |
| 9814544047 | Mining Spoils/Tailings | Unwanted waste material created during mining. | 29 | |
| 9814544048 | Strip Mining | Minerals close to the surface, remove soil and rock to expose them, then return unwanted waste material. | 30 | |
| 9814544049 | Metals | Elements with properties that conduct electricity and heat | 31 | |
| 9814544050 | Ores | Economically valuable concentrated accumulations of minerals. | 32 | |
| 9814544051 | Soil Degradation | Loss of some or all of the ability of soils to support plant growth. | 33 | |
| 9814544052 | Cation Exchange Capacity | Ability of a soil to absorb and release cations. Determined by clay. Higher is better, but higher decreases porosity, therefore, there's a tradeoff. | 34 | |
| 9814544053 | Texture of soil | Determined by percentage of sand, silt, and clay | 35 | |
| 9814544054 | C Horizon | Least weathered. Most similar to parent material | 36 | |
| 9814544055 | B Horizon | Mineral material, little organic matter | 37 | |
| 9814544056 | E Horizon | Leaches organic acids from above layers to B where they accumulate | 38 | |
| 9814544057 | A Horizon | Topsoil. Organic material and minerals | 39 | |
| 9814544058 | O Horizon | Top layer. Organic horizon and detritus. | 40 | |
| 9814544059 | Parent Material | Rock material underlying a soil | 41 | |
| 9814544060 | Soil | Mix of geologic and organic components | 42 | |
| 9814544061 | Deposition | Accumulation or depositing of eroded material | 43 | |
| 9814544062 | Erosion | Physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem | 44 | |
| 9814544063 | Acid Precipitation | Acid rain. Sulfur Dioxide reacts with water vapor to form sulfuric acid in rain. | 45 | |
| 9814544064 | Chemical Weathering | Breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions and dissolving of a rocks chemical elements. Alters newly exposed/primary minerals to make secondary minerals. | 46 | |
| 9814544065 | Physical Weathering | Mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. Water, wind, or temp. Plants or burrowing animals can contribute. Exposing more surface area and makes more vulnerable to more erosion. | 47 | |
| 9814544066 | Metamorphic Rocks | Other rick types subjected to high temps and pressure causing physical and chemical changes. Pressure creates distorted bands called foliation. | 48 | |
| 9814544067 | Sedimentary Rocks | Form by sediments like muds, sands, and gravels compressed by overlying sediments. Can be uniform or different. Contains the most fossils. | 49 | |
| 9814544068 | Fractures | Cracks caused by stress after cooling | 50 | |
| 9814544069 | Igneous Rocks | Forms directly from magma. Classified by composition and mode of formation | 51 | |
| 9814544070 | Minerals | Solid, Crystalline, Specific chemical structure, certain formations, uniform | 52 | |
| 9814544071 | Rock Cycle | Constant formation and destruction of rock. | 53 | |
| 9814544072 | Richter Scale | Measure of ground movement in an earthquake. Logarithmic scale. | 54 | |
| 9814544073 | Epicenter | Exact point on Earth's surface directly above where rock ruptures | 55 | |
| 9814544074 | Seismic Activity | Areas with earthquakes and fault activity | 56 | |
| 9814544075 | Earthquakes | Rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault. Common in fault zones. | 57 | |
| 9814544076 | Fault Zones | Large expanses of rock where movement had occurred where plates meet. | 58 | |
| 9814544077 | Fault | Fracture in rock across which there is movement | 59 | |
| 9814544078 | Transform Fault Boundary | Plates move sideways past each other. | 60 | |
| 9814544079 | Convergent Plate Boundaries | Plates move towards one another. Continental + Continental= Mountains. Oceanic goes under land, forms mountains and volcanos. Oceanic goes under other oceanic. | 61 | |
| 9814544080 | Divergent Plate Boundaries | Magma pushes up and out, making new rocks and bringing copper, lead, and silver, however it is deep under ocean. | 62 | |
| 9814544081 | Volcano | Vent in Earth's surface. Emits ash, gas, and molten lava. Can be caused by hotspots or convergent plates. | 63 | |
| 9814544082 | Subduction | Process of one plate passing under another. | 64 | |
| 9814544083 | Seafloor Spreading | Oceanic plate meet continental. Oceanic pulled under continental. As other plates move apart, rising magma forms new seafloor crust. | 65 | |
| 9814544084 | Continental Plates | Lie beneath landmasses. Contains more silicon dioxide. Plates less dense than oceanic. | 66 | |
| 9814544085 | Tectonic cycle | Sum of the processes that build up and break up lithosphere | 67 | |
| 9814544086 | Theory of Plate Tectonics | Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion | 68 | |
| 9814544087 | Hot Spots | Places where molten material from the mantle reaches lithosphere. Causes volcanoes. Also helps create convection cells | 69 | |
| 9814544088 | Lithosphere | Solid upper mantle and crust. Overlaps with upper mantle. Made of plates with thin layer of soil. | 70 | |
| 9814544089 | Asthenosphere | Outer part of mantle. Made of semi-molten, ductile rock. | 71 | |
| 9814544090 | Magma | Molten rock in mantle | 72 | |
| 9814544091 | Core | 1st and innermost layer. Split into inner and outer. Inner is solid, outer liquid. Made of nickel and iron. | 73 | |
| 9814544092 | Mantle | Molten rock that slowly circulates in convection cells. 2nd layer from center. | 74 |
