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| 13665515033 | ionizing radiation | Enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (example gamma rays x-rays and UV rays) | 0 | |
| 13665515034 | High Quality Energy | organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear) | 1 | |
| 13665515035 | Low Quality Energy | disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar) | 2 | |
| 13665515036 | First Law Of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created or destroyed but maybe converted from one form to another | 3 | |
| 13665515037 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | 4 | |
| 13665515038 | Natural radioactive decay | unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles | 5 | |
| 13665515039 | Half Life | length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay | 6 | |
| 13665515040 | How long a radioactive isotope must be sorted until it decays to a safe level | 10 half lives | 7 | |
| 13665515041 | Ore | a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine | 8 | |
| 13665515042 | Mineral Reserve | identified deposits currently profitable to extract | 9 | |
| 13665515043 | Best Solution to energy shortage | conservation and increase efficiency | 10 | |
| 13665515044 | Surface mining | cheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to workers | 11 | |
| 13665515045 | Humus | organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms | 12 | |
| 13665515046 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons | 13 | |
| 13665515047 | Nuclear Fusion | 2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet | 14 | |
| 13681785835 | Leaching | Removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards | 15 | |
| 13681785836 | Illuviation | deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B) | 16 | |
| 13681785837 | Loam | perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay. | 17 | |
| 13681785838 | Solutions to soil problems | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers | 18 | |
| 13681785839 | Parts of hydrologic (Water) cycle | evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration | 19 | |
| 13681785840 | Aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground | 20 | |
| 13681785841 | cone of depression | lowering of the water table around a pumping well | 21 | |
| 13681785842 | Salt water intrusion | near the coast, over-pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer | 22 | |
| 13681785843 | ENSO | El Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific | 23 | |
| 13681785844 | During an El Nino year | trade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA | 24 | |
| 13681785845 | During a non El Nino year | easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America | 25 | |
| 13681785846 | Effects of El Nino | upwelling decreases disrupting food chains; N U.S. has mild winters, SW U.S. has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes | 26 | |
| 13681785847 | Nitrogen fixing | because atmospheric N2 cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia (NH3) by bacteria (rhizobium) | 27 | |
| 13681785848 | Ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia | 28 | |
| 13681785849 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-). | 29 | |
| 13681785850 | Assimilation | inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins. | 30 | |
| 13698362731 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N | 31 | |
| 13698362732 | Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as nitrogen because | it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate (PO4)3- rocks | 32 | |
| 13698362733 | Because souls contain very little phosphorus | It is a major limiting factor for plant growth | 33 | |
| 13698362734 | Excessive phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by | Runoff of animal waste , fertilizer discharge of sewage | 34 | |
| 13698362735 | Plants convert atmospheric c into complex carbohydrates | Photosynthesis | 35 | |
| 13698362736 | aerobic respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | 36 | |
| 13698362737 | Largest reservoirs of C | carbonate (CO3)2- rocks first, oceans second | 37 | |
| 13698362738 | Biotic and abiotic | living and nonliving components of an ecosystem | 38 | |
| 13698362739 | Producer/Autotroph | photosynthetic life | 39 | |
| 13698362740 | Major trophic levels | Producers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer | 40 | |
| 13698362741 | Energy flows in food webs | Only 10% of the usable energy is transferred | 41 | |
| 13698362742 | Why is only 10% transferred | usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey | 42 | |
| 13698362743 | primary succession | The development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited ( lava ) | 43 | |
| 13698362744 | secondary succession | life progresses where soil remains (clear-cut forest, fire) | 44 | |
| 13698362745 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship | 45 | |
| 13698362746 | commenensalism | A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected | 46 | |
| 13698362747 | Parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed | 47 | |
| 13698362748 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals | 48 | |
| 13698362749 | carrying capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support | 49 | |
| 13698362750 | r-strategist | reproduce early in life; many small unprotected offspring | 50 | |
| 13698362751 | K strategist | reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring | 51 | |
| 13698362752 | natural selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation | 52 | |
| 13698362753 | Malthus | said human population cannot continue to increase..consequences will be war, famine & disease | 53 | |
| 13698362754 | doubling time | rule of 70; 70 divided by the percent growth rate | 54 | |
| 13698362755 | Replacement level fertility | the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing) | 55 | |
| 13698362756 | World Population | a little over 6 billion | 56 | |
| 13698362757 | Preindustrial stage | birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high | 57 | |
| 13698362758 | Transitional stage | death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast | 58 | |
| 13698362759 | Industrial stage | decline in birth rate, population growth slows | 59 | |
| 13698362760 | Postindustrial stage | low birth and death rates | 60 | |
| 13714478873 | Most populated countries | 1. China 2. India | 61 | |
| 13714478874 | affects population growth the most | Low status / ed of women | 62 | |
| 13714478875 | How to decrease birth rate | Family planning , contraceptives , economic rewards & penalties | 63 | |
| 13714478876 | Percent water on earth by type | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater | 64 | |
| 13714478877 | Salinazation of soil | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind | 65 | |
| 13714478878 | Ways to conserve water | agriculture = drip/trickle irrigation; industry = recycling; home = use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures | 66 | |
| 13714478879 | Point vs. non point sources | Point, from specific location such as a pipe. Non-point, from over an area such as runoff | 67 | |
| 13714478880 | BOD | biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials | 68 | |
| 13714478881 | Eutrophication | rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrates (NO3)- and phosphates (PO4)3- in water | 69 | |
| 13714478882 | Hypoxia | when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life | 70 | |
| 13714478883 | Minamata disease | mental impairments caused by mercury | 71 | |
| 13714478884 | Primary air pollutants | produced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates). | 72 | |
| 13714478885 | secondary pollutants | formed by reaction of primary pollutants | 73 | |
| 13714478886 | particulate matter | Source: burning fossil fuels and diesel exhaust Effect: reduces visibility & respiratory irritation Reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy) | 74 |
