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| 8475047269 | negative feedback loop | CO2 in atmosphere--> global warming--> more plants---> photsynthesis--x-> CO2 levels in atmosphere | 0 | |
| 8475066260 | positive feedback loop | CO2 levels in atmosphere--> global warming--> gasses are less soluble in liquids---> ocean releases more CO2---> CO2 levels in atmosphere | 1 | |
| 8475081083 | free trade | complex policy with clear benefits and losses; impacts the environment | 2 | |
| 8475093374 | benefits of free trade | access to natural resources, mutual economic benefit, builds a middle class, move towards democracy | 3 | |
| 8475104041 | losses of free trade | exported jobs, exports wealth from developing world, increases class separation, less regulation, labor issues, environmental issues | 4 | |
| 8475114241 | environmental justice | developed world is exporting pollution to the developing world for our profit | 5 | |
| 8475120979 | GDP | gross domestic product 1) consumer spending 2) investments 3) government spending 4)net exports(exports-imports) weaknesses- no measure of distribution of wealth - environmental degration | 6 | |
| 8475145320 | GPI | genuine progress indicator 1)consumer spending 2)education 3) income distribution 4) pollution 5) resource depletion 6) health | 7 | |
| 8475155382 | market failure | market values are inaccurate | 8 | |
| 8475672445 | externalities | market effects that are unintended | 9 | |
| 8475676957 | market forces | not motivating constructive actions | 10 | |
| 8475683077 | positive externalities | public transit improves quality of life boosts economy envitronmental | 11 | |
| 8475691203 | negative externalities | pollution resource degredation | 12 | |
| 8475701505 | kuznets curve |  | 13 | |
| 8475709712 | leap frogging | countries that skip generations of technology | 14 | |
| 8475714879 | precautionary principle | assume dangerous until proven | 15 | |
| 8475717270 | post cautionary principle | react only after something is proven harmful | 16 | |
| 8475730831 | tombstone mentality | don't acknowledge problem until death | 17 | |
| 8475745897 | ecosystem | location distinguished by its particular interactions of biotic and abiotic factors | 18 | |
| 8475757693 | biotic | species present -animal, plant, microorganisms genetic diversity predator-prey relations symbiosis competition invasive species | 19 | |
| 8475778379 | abiotic | temperature precipitation sunlight availability of water soil nutrients pollution salinity dissolved oxygen | 20 | |
| 8475796015 | ecosystem boundaires | difficult to define; caves, lake, pond, stream | 21 | |
| 8475939482 | strategies to define a boundary | 1)species of interest 2) geography 3) political or administrative | 22 | |
| 8475952587 | producers/autotrophs | obtain energy from the sun | 23 | |
| 8475956055 | phototrophs | use photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy | 24 | |
| 8475961146 | chemotrophs | use chemo-synthesis to convert inorganic material in mineral or methane into organic chemical energy | 25 | |
| 8475979763 | consumers | must rely on other living things | 26 | |
| 8475988336 | primary consumers | herbivores & consume producers | 27 | |
| 8476012069 | secondary consumers | carnivores | 28 | |
| 8476014545 | tertiary consumers | apex predators & consume other predators | 29 | |
| 8476021354 | decomposers | chemically break down things | 30 | |
| 8476026883 | scavenger | carnivores, animals that eat dead animals | 31 | |
| 8476032035 | photosynthesis | 6CO2+6H2O-----> 6C6H12O6+6O2 | 32 | |
| 8476037868 | cellular respiration | 6O2+C6H12O2----> 6H2O+6CO2 | 33 | |
| 8476047795 | all life | what life respires? | 34 | |
| 8476047797 | GPP- gross primary productivity | total amount of photosynthesis | 35 | |
| 8476054927 | NPP- net primary producticity | how much respiration | 36 | |
| 8476062050 | 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is conserved | 37 | |
| 8476066898 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | entropy (disorder) is always increasing | 38 | |
| 8476072960 | 10% | % of energy that remains usable in the next trophic level is ecological efficiency | 39 | |
| 8476099235 | 60% | % of respiration by plants | 40 | |
| 8476100993 | 99% | % of energy passing with out being absorbed | 41 | |
| 8476106209 | 1% | % of solar energy that strikes producers and captured by photosynthesis | 42 | |
| 8476113994 | standing crop | the total amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time | 43 | |
| 8476120498 | energy flow pyramid |  | 44 | |
| 8476127247 | reservoir | major form of an element or compound as it is found or stored on earth | 45 | |
| 8476130288 | nirtogen | major reservoir- air/atmosphere | 46 | |
| 8476134587 | N2 | free nitrogen- highly inert | 47 | |
| 8476151931 | rhizobium | lives in root of nodules of legumes--> beans, peas, peanuts | 48 | |
| 8476182918 | haber process | N2+3H2----> 2Nh3 | 49 | |
| 8476136763 | nitrogen fixation | STEP ONE OF NITROGEN CYCLE 1)lighting strikes -origin of life 2)nitrogen fixing bacteria azotobacter-free living 3)industiral process -human impact is 30-40% N2--> NO3 | 50 | |
| 8476190397 | nitrification | SECOND STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE nitrifying bacteria ammonium/ammonia NH4+ or NH3----> NO2--->No3 | 51 | |
| 8476203086 | denitfirication | THIRD STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE denitrifying bacteria NO3----> N2 | 52 | |
| 8476222851 | assimilation | FOURTH STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE branches off of step 2 plants NO3---> biological N | 53 | |
| 8476232960 | ammonification | FIFTH STEP OF NITROGEN CYCLE decomposing bacteria N---> NH3 | 54 | |
| 8476246697 | ecosystem resistance | measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem | 55 | |
| 8476259714 | ecosystem reslienece | measure of how quickly the ecosystem recovers from a disturbance | 56 | |
| 8476270430 | species diversity OR species richness | number of species present | 57 | |
| 8476277828 | genetic diversity | the variety of traits and genes present in a population or ecosystem | 58 | |
| 8476283327 | ecosystem diversity | variety of ecosystems in an area; how interconnected ecosystems are; how complex ecosystems are | 59 | |
| 8476292024 | 2 million | number of known species on earth | 60 | |
| 8476296027 | 5-100 million | number of estimated total species | 61 | |
| 8476298873 | species richness | number of species | 62 | |
| 8476304785 | species eveness | how evenly distributed the population sixes are | 63 | |
| 8476311958 | evolution | where does biodiversity come from? | 64 | |
| 8476316643 | population | unit of evolution | 65 | |
| 8476319003 | microevolution | evolution within a single species change in gene frequency new trait becoming fixed --> 100% of population | 66 | |
| 8476325996 | macroevolution | relationships between different species -phylogeny -speciation | 67 | |
| 8476339182 | mutation | only way brand new traits form random usually silent often deleterious sometimes (rare) good | 68 | |
| 8476358192 | recombination | creates new combinations of traits in complex life- sex in bacteria- trade genes -- conjugation --transformation --transduction | 69 | |
| 8476366866 | natural selection | 1)variation (diversity) 2) heritable (genetic) 3) fitness (competition, selective pressure, survival of the fittest) excess offspring-not all survive | 70 | |
| 8476385935 | artificial selection | humans choose -agriculture -dog breeds -GMO -faster than naturally | 71 | |
| 8476394267 | genetic drift | -random -much slower | 72 | |
| 8476398589 | bottleneck effect | major disaster mass random death | 73 | |
| 8476403152 | founder effect | new organisms in an area | 74 | |
| 8476408158 | reproductive isolation | species becoming divided into two populations that do not mate with one another | 75 | |
| 8476413445 | geographic isolation | allopatric & sympatric | 76 | |
| 8476419254 | allopatric isolation | speciation with geographic isolation | 77 | |
| 8476421724 | sympatric isolation | speciation without geographic isolation | 78 | |
| 8476421725 | behavioral isolation | isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior | 79 | |
| 8476692167 | temporal isolation | form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times | 80 | |
| 8476695050 | polyploidy | plants have a possible mutation where offspring have a different number of copies of the entire genome | 81 | |
| 8476707165 | fast evolution | -small population -short generation length -high biodiversity -high mutation rate -high selective pressure | 82 | |
| 8476714635 | slow evolution | large population long generation time low biodiversity low mutation rate low selective pressure | 83 | |
| 8476719679 | niche | includes habitat, strategies, behaviors, and roles of an organism | 84 | |
| 8476724035 | fundamental niche | everywhere a species could survive and sustain a population | 85 | |
| 8476727991 | realized niche | everywhere a species currently survives and sustains population | 86 | |
| 8476736996 | extinction | all dead, everywhere | 87 | |
| 8476739601 | extirpation | local extinction | 88 | |
| 8476748691 | endangered | danger of extinction | 89 | |
| 8476750491 | threatened | likely to become endangered | 90 | |
| 8476750494 | exotic | organism outside its natural location | 91 | |
| 8476753036 | invasive | no natural enemies | 92 | |
| 8476764205 | predation | one organism kills and consumes others for food | 93 | |
| 8476792206 | symbiosis | when two species or more have closely intertwined life cycles | 94 | |
| 8476796245 | parasitism | one benefits and one suffers | 95 | |
| 8476807028 | commensalism | one benefits and one is unaffected | 96 | |
| 8476809272 | mutualism | both benefit | 97 | |
| 8476811547 | interspecies competition | between many species- competition for territory, food, sunlight or other limited resources | 98 | |
| 8476821395 | intraspecies competition | within one species- limited resources | 99 | |
| 8476833864 | competitive exclusionary principle | no two organisms can occupy the same niche without competing intensely until one goes extinct | 100 | |
| 8476841033 | resource partitioning | Differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist. | 101 | |
| 8476852025 | density dependent factors | food space water sunlight nutrients disease | 102 | |
| 8476860866 | density independent factors | natural disasters abiotic factors temperature pH dissolved O2 | 103 | |
| 8476872431 | intrinsic growth rate | the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources |  | 104 |
| 8476928401 | carrying capacity | Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support |  | 105 |
| 8476945645 | r-selected | no parental care fast reproduction more offspring @ once reaches sexual maturity faster shorter gestation shorter generation smaller offspring | 106 | |
| 8476956222 | k-selected | slow reproduction one or few offspring reaches sexual maturity slowly longer generation longer gestation larger offspring | 107 | |
| 8476975256 | ITCZ | intertropical convergence zone | 108 | |
| 8476978498 | adiabatic | process that changes temperature without changing heat | 109 | |
| 8476985927 | hadley cell |  | 110 | |
| 8476989679 | troposphere | closest to earth included the air we breathe weather occurs about 10 miles contains about 80% of the atmosphere | 111 | |
| 8477009221 | stratosphere | contains the ozone layer absorbs UV rays from the sun | 112 | |
| 8477160499 | mesosphere | middle layer | 113 | |
| 8477162194 | thermosphere | very wide/thick/deep absorbs harmful x-rays and UV rays contains charged gases that produce light when struck by solar radiation aurora borealis | 114 | |
| 8477175389 | exosphere | extremely disperse/thin outerspace(mildly) | 115 | |
| 8477186439 | reasons for unequal heating of the earth | 1) light from a lower angle is spread over a large area 2)distance through the atmosphere 3)albedo | 116 | |
| 8477197159 | El nino | -tradewinds across south america weaken -warm water from pacific moves to south america -upwelling is supressed -reduced fish population -fighing in south americais poor -temperature/precipitation alteration | 117 | |
| 8477220782 | coriolis effects | occurs because the earth is a sphere and not a flat plane, and the rotation of the surface of the Earth is faster at the equator than at the poles northern- deflect right southern- deflect left | 118 | |
| 8477240430 | desert | -always hot, slightly seasonal, always dry | 119 | |
| 8477246207 | tropical seasonal rainforest/savannah | "rainy" -extreme wet season, dry season, always warm | 120 | |
| 8477250188 | tropical rainforest | always hot, always rainy | 121 | |
| 8477256588 | june 21st; 22.5*N | tropic of cancer | 122 | |
| 8477259263 | december 21st; 22.5*S | tropic of capricorn | 123 | |
| 8477261726 | taiga | some-what wet, long and cold winter, temperature is seasonal | 124 | |
| 8477273118 | tundra | very dry and cold, temperature is seasonal | 125 | |
| 8477281349 | temperate seasonal forest | moderate, seasonal temperature, year round | 126 | |
| 8477287448 | temperate grassland | drier than temperate seasonal forest | 127 | |
| 8477299368 | temperate rainforest | oceans moderate temperature, oceans increase rainfall, not as rainy as tropical rainforest | 128 | |
| 8477305313 | woodland/shrubland | Mediterranean, chaparral, hot warm dry summers | 129 | |
| 8477320651 | mineral recycling | very profitable when feasible | 130 | |
| 8477324011 | crust | distinct chemical compound; solid, hard, brittle | 131 | |
| 8477327694 | mantle | top- brittle solid mantle, hard middle- ductile solid, softer, asthenosphere bottom- liquid magma | 132 | |
| 8477345414 | outer core | liquid magma | 133 | |
| 8477348396 | inner core | solid mass inside earth | 134 | |
| 8477374274 | o horizon | organic horizon, may be absent, include detritus, in various state of composition | 135 | |
| 8477383293 | a horizon | top soil, mixture of organic materials and minerals- agriculture | 136 | |
| 8477390773 | e horizon | zone of eluviation(leaching), appear to be washed out, might not be present, might be between o and a | 137 | |
| 8477403260 | b horizon | subsoil, zone of accumulation, leached materials accumulate(illuviation), mostly minerals and a dew organic elements | 138 | |
| 8477418143 | c horizon | least weathered, rocky, youngest soil | 139 | |
| 8477420323 | r horizon | bedrock, parent material | 140 | |
| 8477424311 | humus | component of soil comprised of decaying organic matter | 141 | |
| 8477430726 | leaching | eluviation; washing out of removal of minerals from soil by water | 142 | |
| 8477437653 | illuviation | deposition of minerals into soil by water | 143 | |
| 8477443384 | soil composition | mineral particles=45% water=25% air=25% organic material=5%-10% living matter -10% roots -80% humus | 144 | |
| 8477458674 | porosity | amount of pore space; measure with standing water | 145 | |
| 8477461156 | permeability | flow of water; passing water through | 146 | |
| 8477465309 | texture | size of granule | 147 | |
| 8477467745 | cation exchange capacity | how quickly or easily soil exchanges minerals with H2O | 148 | |
| 8477473366 | base saturation | measure of acidity= % of basic compounds/% of acidic compounds | 149 | |
| 8477480217 | ideal agricultural soil | medium porosity medium permeability high CEC high base saturation LOAM | 150 | |
| 8477489823 | open pit mining | copper mines; limestone quarries | 151 | |
| 8477496450 | mountain top removal mining | the top of a mountain is blown off using TNT to expose ore; tailings are placed in lower elevations | 152 | |
| 8477501677 | strip mining | soil/rock is stripped away, exposing ore | 153 |
