Terms : Hide Images
| 8304652934 | core | earths center - iron/nickel | 0 | |
| 8304660558 | crust | top of earth - igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock | 1 | |
| 8304664981 | mantle | mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust | 2 | |
| 8304677665 | magma | Molten rock usually located deep within the mantle of the Earth that occasionally comes to the surface through cracks in the mantle or through the eruption of volcanoes | 3 | |
| 8304682857 | asthenosphere | the highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductilely deforming region of the upper mantle of the Earth | 4 | |
| 8304692807 | lithosphere | includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates. | 5 | |
| 8304700589 | hot spot | volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle | 6 | |
| 8304714563 | plate tectonics | the lithosphere of the earth is divided into a small number of plates which float on and travel independently over the mantle and much of the earth's seismic activity occurs at the boundaries of these plates | 7 | |
| 8304717118 | subduction | plates push against each other and one bends down and goes under other plate | 8 | |
| 8304727076 | volcano | a rupture in the Earth's crust where molten lava, hot ash, and gases from below the Earth's crust escape into the air | 9 | |
| 8304729903 | divergent plate boundary | plates move apart | 10 | |
| 8304734651 | seafloor spreading | sea floor spreads | 11 | |
| 8304738825 | convergent plate boundaries | plates move towards each other | 12 | |
| 8304743239 | transform plate boundary | plates move side to side | 13 | |
| 8304749738 | fault | a crack in the Earth's crust | 14 | |
| 8304758737 | seismic activity | a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust or upper mantle, usually caused by movement along a fault plane or by volcanic activity and resulting in the generation of seismic waves which can be destructive | 15 | |
| 8306678300 | fault zone | region, from metres to kilometres in width, which is bounded by major faults within which subordinate faults may be arranged variably or systematically | 16 | |
| 8306686634 | earthquake | sudden movement of the Earth's lithosphere | 17 | |
| 8306690650 | epicenter | The point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the focus (the point of origin) of an earthquake | 18 | |
| 8306695903 | rock cycle | igneous>sedimentary>metamorphic | 19 | |
| 8306700306 | igneous | rock formed by magma stage 1 | 20 | |
| 8306708238 | intrusive igneous rock | magma hardens within earths surface, forming w other rocks | 21 | |
| 8306724268 | extrusive igneous rock | hot magma inside earth overflows onto surface or explodes | 22 | |
| 8306732978 | richter scale | a numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations | 23 | |
| 8306738304 | fracture | any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides the rock into two or more pieces | 24 | |
| 8306745026 | sedimentary rock | formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment, especially sediment transported by water (rivers, lakes, and oceans), ice ( glaciers ), and wind | 25 | |
| 8306754739 | metamorphic | Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase | 26 | |
| 8306761645 | physical weathering | rocks, soil and minerals being slowly broken down or broken apart by the Earth's environment such as pressure, temperature, water and ice | 27 | |
| 8306767072 | chemical weathering | the erosion or disintegration of rocks caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by physical processes | 28 | |
| 8306786812 | acid precipitation | Any form of precipitation, including rain, snow, hail, fog, or dew, that is high in acid pollutants, especially sulfuric and nitric acid | 29 | |
| 8306789078 | acid rain | rain with a pH less than 5.7 | 30 | |
| 8306794203 | erosion | Erosion is the process by which soil and rock particles are worn away and moved elsewhere by gravity, or by a moving transport agent - wind, water or ice | 31 | |
| 8306803043 | parent material | Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form | 32 | |
| 8306808767 | soil degradation | the decline in soil condition caused by its improper use or poor management, usually for agricultural, industrial or urban purposes | 33 | |
| 8306830113 | horizon | a bedding surface where there is marked change in the lithology within a sequence of sedimentary or volcanic rocks, or a distinctive layer or thin bed with a characteristic lithology or fossil content within a sequence | 34 | |
| 8306833195 | horizon E | a mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil. Typically present only in forested areas it underlies an O or A horizon | 35 | |
| 8306853857 | o horizon | the layer of loose leaves and organic debris at the surface of soil | 36 | |
| 8306859505 | a horizon | the topsoil in a soil profile | 37 | |
| 8306864944 | horizon b | the subsoil in a soil profile | 38 | |
| 8306870447 | horizon c | the layer in a soil profile below the B horizon and immediately above the bedrock, consisting chiefly of weathered, partially decomposed rock | 39 | |
| 8306872135 | topsoil | soil on top | 40 | |
| 8306877143 | cation exchange capacity | the total capacity of a soil to hold exchangeable cations | 41 | |
| 8306890557 | base saturation | the percentage of the soil. exchange sites (CEC) occupied by basic cations, such as. potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium. (Na) | 42 | |
| 8306899492 | crustal abundance | abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass | 43 | |
| 8306907446 | ore | a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted | 44 | |
| 8306919910 | metal | a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity | 45 | |
| 8306923293 | reserve | subgroup of a resource that have been discovered, have a known size, and can be extracted at a profit | 46 | |
| 8306934306 | strip mining | mining parallel to earth surface, layer by layer | 47 | |
| 8306939139 | mining spoils | material that lies above an area that lends itself to economical exploitation, such as the rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above a coal seam or ore body | 48 | |
| 8306948954 | tailings | the waterborne refuse material is pumped into a pond to allow the sedimentation (meaning separation) of solids from the water | 49 | |
| 8306957600 | open pit mining | method of extraction used where the overburden is limited and easily stripped, but where waste has to be transported to external dumps | 50 | |
| 8306965805 | mountain top removal | mining by exploding mountain top | 51 | |
| 8306970032 | placer mining | mining for sediment by river | 52 | |
| 8306974764 | subsurface mining | the extraction of minerals and ores from underground. It consist of digging shafts into the earth for ore | 53 | |
| 8306980940 | impermeable surface | the groundwater is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined aquifers is forced up, sometimes above the land surface | 54 | |
| 8306988500 | aquifer | An underground layer of permeable rock, sediment (usually sand or gravel), or soil that yields water | 55 | |
| 8307000370 | unconfined aquifer | upper surface (water table) is open to the atmosphere through permeable material | 56 | |
| 8307000371 | confined | underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well | 57 | |
| 8307011992 | water table | the planar, underground surface beneath which earth materials, as soil or rock, are saturated with water | 58 | |
| 8307020102 | groundwater recharge | hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater | 59 | |
| 8307027672 | spring | natural upwelling of water from below earths surface to surface | 60 | |
| 8307030575 | artesian well | deep well that passes through impermeable rock or sediment and reaches water that is held under pressure in a confined aquifer | 61 | |
| 8307037662 | cone of depression | region, shaped like an inverted cone, in which the water table is drawn down, or depressed, in the vicinity of a borehole from which groundwater is being abstracted by pumping | 62 | |
| 8307046282 | saltwater intrusion | movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences | 63 | |
| 8307050695 | floodplain | when a river overflows, land is wet | 64 | |
| 8307059697 | levee | border against river | 65 | |
| 8307061870 | dike | border against ocean | 66 | |
| 8307064524 | dam | barrier to obstruct the flow of water, especially one of earth, masonry, etc., built across a stream or river | 67 | |
| 8307071570 | reservoir | water held back by dam | 68 | |
| 8307075196 | fish ladder | ladder so fish can go up dam | 69 | |
| 8307077876 | aqueduct | transports water form one place to another | 70 | |
| 8307081470 | desalination | removing salt from water | 71 | |
| 8307084949 | distillation | removing salt with heat energy - evaporate leaving slat behind | 72 | |
| 8307093277 | reverse osmosis | forcing saline or impure water through a semipermeable membrane across which salts or impurities cannot pass | 73 | |
| 8307096066 | water footprint | how much water you've used | 74 | |
| 8307103315 | hydroponic agriculture | method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent | 75 | |
| 8307111705 | gray water | wastewater that is generated in household or office building sources without fecal contamination | 76 | |
| 8307120736 | contaminated water | water pollution | 77 |
