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| 14749219879 | Aesthetic justification | An argument for the conservation of nature on the grounds that nature is beautiful and that beauty is important and valuable to people. | 0 | |
| 14749219880 | utilitarian justification | some aspect of the environment is valuable because it benefits individuals economically or is directly necessary to human survival | 1 | |
| 14749219881 | ecological justification | an ecosystem is necessary for the survival of some species of interest to us, or that the system itself provides some benefit | 2 | |
| 14749219882 | moral justification | An argument for the conservation of nature on the grounds that aspects of the environment have a right to exist | 3 | |
| 14749219883 | cultural justification | With respect to environmental values refers to the fact that different cultures have many of the same values but differ in others. | 4 | |
| 14749219884 | carrying capacity | The largest population that an area can support | 5 | |
| 14749219885 | Gaia hypothesis | States that the environment on a global level has been changed for the better by life over the history of life on earth. Life regulates its own environment. (life will find a way) | 6 | |
| 14850004604 | megacites | urban areas with 10 million+ inhabitants | 7 | |
| 14850017278 | Precautionary Principle | when there is a threat of serious environmental damage, don't wait for scientific proof to act | 8 | |
| 14850027082 | sustainability | harvesting a resource at a rate so that it is not depleted | 9 | |
| 14850036468 | moratorium | a temporary ban | 10 | |
| 14850045546 | DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) | chemical used as a pesticide which also thinned egg shells, causing a decline in bird populations | 11 | |
| 14850062767 | scientific method | A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. | 12 | |
| 14850111615 | observations | information collected by the five senses | 13 | |
| 14850114571 | inferences | generalizations that arise from a set of observations | 14 | |
| 14850123874 | hypothesis | a statement that can be disproved | 15 | |
| 14850131520 | dependent variable = | responding variable | 16 | |
| 14850135928 | independent variable = | manipulated variable | 17 | |
| 14850144854 | Quantitative vs. Qualitative | Numbers vs. Description | 18 | |
| 14850148804 | controlled experiment | only one variable is changed | 19 | |
| 14850155428 | operational definition | describing a variable in exact terms that all scientists can understand | 20 | |
| 14850163784 | inductive reasoning | generalizing based on a pattern or trend | 21 | |
| 14850169074 | deductive reasoning | reasoning based on logic or mathematics | 22 | |
| 14850177384 | syllogism | a series of logically connected statements | 23 | |
| 14850187160 | scientific theory | relates and explains many observations and is supported by lots of evidence | 24 | |
| 14850200197 | model | a deliberately simplified construct of nature | 25 | |
| 14850212543 | historical data types: | written, tree rings, buried (fossils) | 26 | |
| 14850223558 | deductive statement | the conclusion is absolutely true | 27 | |
| 14850231099 | experimental errors | measurement uncertainties and other possible experimental errors | 28 | |
| 14850244082 | systematic error | errors that occur consistently | 29 | |
| 14850254365 | accuracy | is it right | 30 | |
| 14850256859 | precision | is it consistent | 31 | |
| 14850258655 | policymakers | people who make environmental decisions (NOT scientists) | 32 | |
| 14850268379 | objectivity | science free of personal values/deals only with objective facts (a myth because all scientists have biases) | 33 | |
| 14850316956 | paradigm shift | new information which reveals that the current scientific fundamentals must change | 34 | |
| 14850316957 | pseudoscientific | based on faulty reasoning | 35 | |
| 14850316958 | fringe science | farther out ideas not generally accepted by the scientific community | 36 | |
| 14850289793 | environmentalism foundations | ecology, engineering, economics | 37 | |
| 14850360700 | environmental economics | how to persuade society to act in a way that benefits the environment | 38 | |
| 14850367100 | policy instruments | what we do, what we can do, and how we do it | 39 | |
| 14850370926 | tangible factor | In economics, something you can touch, buy and sell. | 40 | |
| 14850375307 | intangible factor | In economics, an intangible factor is one you can't touch directly, but you value it. | 41 | |
| 14850394090 | public service functions | when nature sustains our renewable resources without our help | 42 | |
| 14850403961 | natural capitol | ecological systems that perform public service functions | 43 | |
| 14850410658 | Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) | is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive abruptly disappear, which affects agricultural practices | 44 | |
| 14850421897 | girdling | cutting through the bark of a tree all the way around the trunk | 45 | |
| 14850432512 | tragedy of commons | when a lot of people need a resource, people will often use more than their share (Garrett Hardin) | 46 | |
| 14850449612 | commons | land or resource owned publicly | 47 | |
| 14850462299 | maximum profit | the most profit a company can create in the short term even if it means acting unethically | 48 | |
| 14850473333 | Externality (indirect cost) | costs or benefits that don't show up in the price tag | 49 | |
| 14850482377 | direct costs | obtaining, processing, and distributing product cost | 50 | |
| 14850490803 | unity | quality of wholeness of a landscape if it is one unit or a compilation of features | 51 | |
| 14850499860 | vividness | qualities that make a landscape visibly striking | 52 | |
| 14850518353 | risk-benefit analysis | weighing possible consequences of an action to the possible rewards | 53 | |
| 14850528419 | Rand Corporation Study | considered preventative measures for heart attacks using risk benefit analysis | 54 | |
| 14850536073 | US Toxic Substances Control Act | no one may manufacture or process chemicals without obtaining clearance from the EPA | 55 | |
| 14868282278 | When did salmon fishing peak in the US? | The 1920s | 56 | |
| 14868291116 | Salmon are protected under the... | US Endangered Species Act of 1973 | 57 | |
| 14868307377 | four main causes of salmon population decline: | overfishing, forest logging (destroys spawning and breeding habitat), dam construction(interferes with migration), sea lions | 58 | |
| 14868333715 | how much does the world's population increase each year? | 70 million+ | 59 | |
| 14868343232 | world population | 7.4 billion | 60 | |
| 14868351113 | how many people can the world support? | 2.5 billion to 40 billion (depending on lifestyle) | 61 | |
| 14868363209 | environmental science main topics: | urbanization, population, and sustainability | 62 | |
| 14868428599 | Who is Rachel Carson? | Author of Silent Spring (book which first brought attention to environmental issues) | 63 | |
| 14868454141 | malnutrition contributes to the death of how many children per year? | about 6 million | 64 | |
| 14868494951 | Sustainable ecosystem | An ecosystem that can survive and thrive without human input | 65 | |
| 14868546575 | sustainable global economy five attributes | 1. populations (humans +other organisms) 2. safe energy policy 3. renewable resource plan 4. nonrenewable resource plan 5. social, legal, and political system that supports sustainability | 66 | |
| 14868577284 | new pardigm 5 points | 1. evolutionary, not revolutionary 2. inclusive, not exclusive 3. proactive, not reactive 4. attracting, not attacking 5. assisting the disadvantaged, not taking advantage | 67 | |
| 14868594741 | desirable human carrying capacity | -amount of people the Earth can sustain while maintaining a comfortable lifestyle -about 15 million | 68 | |
| 14868610569 | Gaia hypothesis originators | James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis | 69 | |
| 14868651314 | who treads lighter on the environment: city dwellers or country folk? | city dwellers | 70 | |
| 14868673771 | scientific question standards (9) | clarity, accuracy(true?), precision(can it be exactly measured?), relevance, depth(complexities), breadth(other POV), logic, significance, fairness | 71 | |
| 14868700336 | cognitive learning | memory, judgement, synthesis, and learning | 72 | |
| 14868704284 | Bloom's Taxonomy | levels of cognitive thinking classified as: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation | 73 | |
| 14868727018 | What book did Charles Darwin write? | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection | 74 | |
| 14868734918 | Rio Earth Summit (1992) | -on sustainable development was to address global environmental problems of both developed and developing countries. -introduced Precautionary Principle | 75 | |
| 14868750970 | What gas is most abundant in the atmosphere? | Nitrogen- 78% | 76 | |
| 14868756604 | what is most abundant in soil? | minerals- 45% | 77 | |
| 14868760787 | what are the four most abundant elements of the earth's crust? | Oxygen-46% Silicon- 28% Aluminum- 8% Iron- 6% | 78 | |
| 14868774946 | what are the core and mantle of the earth made of? | iron | 79 | |
| 14868779232 | what percentage of the earth's water is salt and fresh water? | 97% saltwater 3% freshwater | 80 | |
| 14868786419 | where is freshwater distributed? | 77.28% ice/glaciers 22.22% groundwater .47% surface bodies .03% atmosphere | 81 | |
| 14868795744 | which are the five most concentrated greenhouse gases? | H20, CO2, CH4, CFCs, and N2O | 82 | |
| 14868805433 | most polluted lake in the world | Karachay Lake in Russia (nuclear waste) | 83 | |
| 14868807500 | Most polluted lake in U.S. | Onondanga Lake in NY (sewage and industrial dumping) | 84 | |
| 14868810936 | most eaten grain | corn, rice, wheat | 85 | |
| 14868814831 | cities most impacted by sea level rise | Guangzhou, Miami, NYC, New Orleans, Mumbai, Nagoya | 86 | |
| 14868819029 | highest 3 populations in the world | China (1.4 billion) India (1.3 billion) US (325 million) | 87 | |
| 14868825817 | highest population density/mile | Macau (china) | 88 | |
| 14868828385 | highest carbon dioxide emission | coal | 89 | |
| 14868830354 | highest global warming potential | CFCs, N2O, CH4, CO2, H2O | 90 | |
| 14868831544 | Albedo | Ability of a surface to reflect light (highest is fresh snow) | 91 | |
| 14855958265 | Who created the scientific method? | Francis Bacon (also Galileo and Gilbert) | 92 | |
| 14856275302 | andrea barns | tried to prove the earth was flat by finding the edge (DOES NOT EXIST) | 93 | |
| 14874700871 | First superfund site | love canal | 94 | |
| 14874700872 | first national park | Yellowstone | 95 | |
| 14874700873 | first president setting aside land for conservation | Theodore Roosevelt | 96 | |
| 14874700874 | First cloned mammal | Dolly the sheep | 97 | |
| 14874700875 | First GMO crop | FlavrSavr delayed ripening tomato (1994) | 98 | |
| 14874700876 | first oil well | Drake oil well in pennsylvania (1859) | 99 | |
| 14874700877 | largest carbon reservoir | sedimentary rock | 100 | |
| 14874700878 | largest carbon sink | ocean | 101 | |
| 14874700879 | largest country energy consumption | China, US, India | 102 | |
| 14874700880 | Largest per capita energy consumption | Canada, US, Australia | 103 | |
| 14874700881 | largest coal reserves | US, Russia, China, and India | 104 | |
| 14874700882 | largest oil reserves | Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Canada | 105 | |
| 14874700883 | largest tar sands deposit | venezuela, canada | 106 | |
| 14874700884 | Largest meat consumer | us | 107 | |
| 14874700885 | largest renewable energy growth in the US | wind | 108 | |
| 14874700886 | largest cause of decline in biodiversity | habitat destruction | 109 | |
| 14883345870 | Largest dam in the world | Three Gorges Dam, China | 110 | |
| 14883351801 | largest dam in US | Oroville Dam in California | 111 | |
| 14883356450 | Aquifer | An underground formation that contains groundwater | 112 | |
| 14883364047 | Largest aquifer | Ogallala in central US | 113 | |
| 14883368519 | Largest rainforest | Amazon | 114 | |
| 14883373732 | deepest lake | Lake Baikal | 115 | |
| 14883377046 | Longest river in the world | Nile River | 116 | |
| 14883377047 | Longest river in the US | Missouri River | 117 | |
| 14883393322 | largest watershed in the US | Mississippi River Basin | 118 | |
| 14883401263 | worst invasive species | nile perch, european common rabbit, cane toad, burmese python, snakehead fish, kudzu, asian mosquito | 119 | |
| 14883431600 | worst global nuclear accidents | Chernobyl and Fukushima | 120 | |
| 14883437356 | worst US nuclear accident | Three Mile Island | 121 | |
| 14883441292 | worst oil spills | Exxon Valdez, Deepwater Horizon | 122 | |
| 14883444621 | worst industrial disaster | Bhopal, India | 123 | |
| 14900279588 | by 2025, about how much of the population will live in cities? | 2/3 | 124 | |
| 14900286330 | population bomb | rapid growth of human population | 125 | |
| 14900292112 | in the past 40 years, the population has... | doubled | 126 | |
| 14900304225 | During which period of time has the Earth human population seen the greatest growth? | 20th century | 127 | |
| 14900348546 | why was the population density of the first farmers higher than the first hunters and gatherers? | more food was available | 128 | |
| 14900398394 | when everyone agrees upon an inference, it is considered a | fact | 129 | |
| 14900410402 | a proof | A logical argument that shows a statement is true. | 130 | |
| 15005575887 | Richard Rice | -former chief economist at Conservation International -proposed solution to environmental damage is to make conservation a source of economic benefit | 131 | |
| 15005609772 | when did modern environmental law begin? | the 1960s, with the start of the social and political movement "environmentalism" | 132 | |
| 15005633329 | what are the two broad areas of environmental economics? | -controlling pollution and environmental damage -sustaining renewable resources | 133 | |
| 15005671068 | pollinators pollinate about how much of crops? | $15 billion worth across 2 million acres in the Us | 134 | |
| 15005717802 | public service functions of living things are estimated to provide how much in benefits? | $3 trillion to $33 trillion | 135 | |
| 15005732276 | in the US, how much of forests are publicly owned? | 38% | 136 | |
| 15005748354 | questions to explain problem of the commons | -what is the appropriate public use of public lands? -should all public lands be open to all public uses? -should some public lands be protected from people? | 137 | |
| 15005802977 | K species vs R species | long living, low producing vs rapidly reproducing | 138 | |
| 15005904386 | economy worth | $75 trillion | 139 | |
| 15005927132 | Kuzets Curve | a curve that shows how a community's average income affects environmental degration | 140 | |
| 15005956076 | system | A group of parts that work together as a whole | 141 | |
| 15007699128 | open system | matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings | 142 | |
| 15021970424 | closed system | matter is not allowed to enter or leave | 143 | |
| 15021975217 | materially closed system | no matter moves in and out of the system , although energy and information may move across the system's boundaries. | 144 | |
| 15021981643 | inputs and outputs | an input is something new to a system, and the reaction to the input is the output | 145 | |
| 15022007189 | static system | has a constant, fixed condition | 146 | |
| 15022012578 | dynamic systems | changes continually over time | 147 | |
| 15022022335 | classical stability | A system characterized by constant conditions that, if disturbed from those conditions, will return to it once the factor that disturbed the system has been removed. | 148 | |
| 15022026109 | Equilibrium | A state of balance/ resting condition | 149 | |
| 15022036938 | steady-state system | the inputs are equal to the outputs, so the amount stored within the system is constant | 150 | |
| 15022042483 | Levees | narrow ridges of higher ground | 151 | |
| 15022053404 | Average Residence Time (ART) | how long, on average, a unit of something will remain in a reservoir | 152 | |
| 15022064480 | ART equation | volume of the reservoir(S) over the rate of its transfer through the reservoir (F) (S/F) | 153 | |
| 15022103274 | MTBE (methyl tertiary butyl ether) | water pollutant added to gasoline to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide | 154 | |
| 15022117514 | dynamic equilibrium (balance of nature) | natural systems, left undisturbed by people, tend toward some sort of steady state | 155 | |
| 15022133048 | feedback | when the output of a system is a change that affects the input | 156 | |
| 15022157496 | negative feedback | self regulating; when the output leads to a decrease in the next output (sweating) | 157 | |
| 15022169822 | positive feedback | Feedback that leads to an increase in the output. (the output makes it worse) | 158 | |
| 15027459793 | population in cities is what feedback? | both, because more oppurtunities leads to more people migrating there, but overcrowding leads to people leaving | 159 | |
| 15027475395 | flow | amount transferred | 160 | |
| 15027475464 | flux | rate of transfer per unit time | 161 | |
| 15027480866 | linear process | if you add the same amount of anything to a compartment of a system, the change will always be the same no matter what | 162 | |
| 15027492713 | nonlinear process | the effect of adding a specific amount of something changes depending on how much has been added before | 163 | |
| 15027495727 | lag time | the delay between a cause and the appearance of its effect (aka time between stimulus and response) | 164 | |
| 15027508986 | biosphere | living planet | 165 | |
| 15027516770 | the 4 input/output graph types | linear, positive exponential, negative exponential, and saturation (Michaelis Menton) curve | 166 | |
| 15027548856 | exponential growth equation | N = No e^kt - No = present value - k = the fixed rate something is increasing or decreasing over time | 167 | |
| 15027595069 | exponential growth | when the rate of change(slope) changes at a constant rate | 168 | |
| 15027610780 | saturation (michaelis menton) curve | initial fast change followed by levelling off at the point of saturation | 169 | |
| 15040746561 | irreversible consequences | consequences that may not be easily rectified on a human scale of decades or a few hundred years | 170 | |
| 15040746562 | environmental unity | everything affects everything else | 171 | |
| 15040746563 | Uniformitarianism | Charles Lyell's idea that geologic processes have not changed throughout Earth's history. | 172 | |
| 15040746564 | James Hutton | Scottish Geologist, proposed uniformitarianism | 173 | |
| 15040746565 | Earth System Science | a global perspective of life and the environment | 174 | |
| 15122266312 | current human growth rate | 1.1% (60-70 years to double) | 175 | |
| 15122279601 | equation for doubling time | 70/% growth rate | 176 | |
| 15122298992 | what kind of system is the earth? | materially closed | 177 | |
| 15122303899 | possible disadvantages of dams | control river flow, straightening the channel, and building levees | 178 | |
| 15122321212 | 6 major Missouri river dams | Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend, Fort Randall, and Gavins Point (biggest dams built upstream) | 179 | |
| 15122340747 | ecosystems | communities of living species and their physical environment in which nutrients and chemicals cycle and through which energy flows | 180 | |
| 15122374164 | what pollution is the most difficult to clean up? | in large systems with slow transfer rates | 181 | |
| 15122384510 | overshoots | when a population is growing too fast and exceeds the carrying capacity of an area, resulting in a collapse of the population | 182 | |
| 15122569389 | uniformitarianism suggests human activity will ahve what affect on Earth's future? | very little effect because natural processes will still ontinue in spite of human activity | 183 | |
| 15122586521 | global perspective | thinking about our entire planet's life-supporting and life-containing system | 184 | |
| 15122611729 | the idea of "living Earth" can be traced back to | Roman times in the writing of Lucretius | 185 | |
| 15122621263 | Hutton compared... | the cycling of nutrients of soil + rocks in rivers to the circulation of blood in an animal | 186 | |
| 15122653295 | which part of the Gaia hypothesis is NOT largely accepted by the scientific community? | That life consciously controls the global environment | 187 |
