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Terms : Hide Images
| 440445492 | Native Americans; land bridge | The first Americans that divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures; migrated from Asia by crossing a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska | |
| 440445493 | Sioux; Pawnee | Tribes on the Great Plains; lived in small settlements; followed buffalo herds | |
| 440445494 | Pueblo | Tribe that lived in the Southwest; lived in multistoried buildings in large society; irrigation system | |
| 440445495 | Adena; Hopewell; Mississippian | Woodland tribes that lived in multistoried buildings; evolved in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys; mound-builders; supported by hunting, fishing, agriculture, permanent settlements | |
| 440445496 | Iroquois | Tribe that lived in Northeast (present-day New York); large society; formed a political confederacy, the League of the Iroquois (withstood attacks from other tribes/Europeans) | |
| 440445497 | Mayas | Tribe that built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico); built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars | |
| 440445498 | Incas | Tribe in Peru; had a vast empire; built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars | |
| 440445499 | Aztecs | Tribe in central Mexico; had a vast empire; built a highly organized society, carried on an extensive trade, created calendars; capital was Technotitlan, which was equivalent in size and population to the largest cities in Europe | |
| 440445500 | Renaissance | An era of creative vitality was at its height; rebirth of classical learning and an outburst of artistic and scientific activity | |
| 440445501 | technology | There was a gradual increase of this and scientific knowledge during the Renaissance era; examples of this are the compass and the printing press | |
| 440445502 | compass | One of the technological advancements during the Renaissance; adopted from the Chinese by Arab merchants | |
| 440445503 | printing press | One of the technological advancements during the Renaissance; invented in the 1450's; aided the spread of knowledge across Europe | |
| 440445504 | Spain; Moors | Roman Catholic Spain had been partly conquered by Muslim invaders, Moors | |
| 440445505 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Isabella (queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (king of Aragon); defeated the Moors of Granada; united their separate Christian kingdoms, which brought hope and power for European believers in the Roman Catholic faith | |
| 440445506 | Protestant Reformation | The revolt of Christians several northern European countries against the authority of the pope in Rome; conflict between Catholics and Protestants; a religious motive was added to the political and economic motives for exploration and colonization | |
| 440445507 | trade | There was an increased trade between European kingdoms and Africa, India, and China resulting from fierce competition along the European kingdoms | |
| 440445508 | Portugal | Very involved in trade and sponsored many explorers | |
| 440445509 | Henry the Navigator | Portugal's prince who sponsored many voyages of exploration; succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope | |
| 440445510 | nation-states | A country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government ; built by monarchs in Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands; depended on trade for revenue, and the Church to justify their right to rule | |
| 440445511 | Christopher Columbus | Italian-born explorer who claimed land and riches for Spain; backed by Isabella and Ferdinand; was looking for a route to Asia, sailed from the Canary Islands, and landed in the Bahamas; voyages were disappointing, but he was the first person to bring permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans | |
| 440445512 | New World | The term given to the land that Christopher Columbus found instead of China and the Indies; this was America | |
| 440445513 | Amerigo Vespucci | An Italian sailor who America was named after | |
| 440445514 | papal line of demarcation | The vertical, north-south line that the pope drew on a world map in 1493 to divide land between Portugal and Spain | |
| 440445515 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | The papal line of demarcation was moved a few degrees to the west in this, giving Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east of the line; enabled Portugal to claim Brazil and Spain to claim the rest of the Americas | |
| 440445516 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean | |
| 440445517 | Ferdinand Magellan | Circumnavigated the world | |
| 440445518 | Hernan Cortes | Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico | |
| 440445519 | Francisco Pizarro | Conquered the Incas in Peru | |
| 440445520 | conquistadores | Spanish explorers; brought gold and silver back to Spain from their journeys | |
| 440445521 | encomienda system | The Spanish turned to this system after seizing several Native American empires; this system gave grants of land and Native Americans (who had to farm and work on the land in return for care provided by their masters) to individual Spaniards | |
| 440445522 | asiento system | Required the Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas | |
| 440445523 | John Cabot | An Italian sea captain who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497 for England | |
| 440445524 | Giovanni de Verrazano | An Italian navigator who looked for a northwest passage leading through the Americas to Asia; explored the east coast for France | |
| 440445525 | Jacques Cartier | French navigator who explored the St. Lawrence River | |
| 440445526 | Samuel de Champlain | Established the first permanent French settlement in America, Quebec; nicknamed "Father of New France" | |
| 440445527 | Father Jacques Marquette | French navigator who explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673 with Louis Jolliet | |
| 440445528 | Robert de la Salle | French navigator who explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana after the French king, Louis XIV | |
| 440445529 | Henry Hudson | An English seaman who sought a northwest passage in the 1600's for the Dutch; claimed New Amsterdam (present-day New York) for the Dutch | |
| 440445530 | joint-stock company | Pooled the savings of people of moderate means and supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable; devised for funding the new colonies | |
| 440445531 | Father Junipero Serra | Spanish friar who founded missions in Southern California | |
| 440445532 | Virginia Company; Jamestown | This is a joint-stock company chartered by King James I of England; this established the first permanent English colony in America in Jamestown in 1607 | |
| 440445533 | Captain John Smith | Outstanding leader of Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive with his forceful leadership | |
| 440445534 | John Rolfe; Pocahontas | He established a tobacco industry in Jamestown; helped the colony of Jamestown to survive because of the prosperity of the new variety of tobacco he developed; Pocahontas was his Indian wife | |
| 440445535 | royal colony | A colony under the control of a king or queen | |
| 440445536 | Puritans | People who wanted to change the Church of England and wanted to "purify" their church of Catholic influences; King James saw them as a threat and ordered some to be jailed | |
| 440445537 | Plymouth colony | Established by the Puritans; half of the population perished the first winter but they were helped by friendly Native Americans later on; William Bradford was the leader; fish, furs, and lumber | |
| 440445538 | Separatists | A group of Puritans who wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control; aka Pilgrims | |
| 440445539 | Pilgrims | The Separatists (branch of the Puritans) who left England in search of religious freedom; first migrated to Holland, but left for America because of economic hardships and cultural differences from the Dutch | |
| 440445540 | Mayflower | The ship that the Pilgrims were on when they set sail for Virginia in America | |
| 440445541 | Mayflower Compact | A document that the Pilgrims signed that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority; represented both an early form of colonial self-government and an early form of written constitution | |
| 440445542 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | A group of Puritans (who were not Separatists) gained a royal charter to establish this colony in 1629; populated by the 1,000 Puritans John Winthrop led to Massachusetts and the 15,000 other settlers that migrated out of England because of a civil war | |
| 440445543 | John Winthrop | Led 1,000 Puritans to the shores of Massachusetts to found many towns (Massachusetts Bay Colony) | |
| 440445544 | Great Migration | The migration of 15,000 people from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony due to a civil war that broke out in England | |
| 440445545 | Virginia House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in America; copied the government in England at that time | |
| 440445546 | Corn or Maize | Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilizations. | |
| 440445547 | Portugal | First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa. | |
| 440445548 | Horse | Animal introduced by Europeans that changed Indian way of life on the Great Plains | |
| 440445549 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty that secured Spanish title to lands in Americas by dividing them with Portugal. | |
| 440445550 | Mestizos | Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry. | |
| 440445551 | St. Augustine | Founded in 1565, it's the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory | |
| 440445552 | Black Legend | Belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas while doing nothing good | |
| 440445553 | Roanoke Island, NC | Colony founded by Sir Walter Raleigh that mysteriously disappeared in the 1580's. | |
| 440445554 | Joint-stock | Forerunner of the modern corporation that enabled investors to pool financial capital for colonial ventures. | |
| 440445555 | Charter | Royal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citizens. | |
| 440445556 | Indentured Servants | Penniless people obligated to forced labor for a fixed number of years, often in exchange for passage to the New World. | |
| 440445557 | Act of Toleration | Maryland statute of 1649 that granted religious freedom to all Christians, but not Jews and atheists. | |
| 440445558 | Squatters | Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil | |
| 440445559 | House of Burgesses | First representative government in New World. | |
| 440445560 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyages of discovery. | |
| 440445561 | Cortes | Conqueror of the Aztecs. | |
| 440445562 | Pizarro | Conqueror of the Incas. | |
| 440445563 | Dias and DaGama | Portuguese navigators who led early voyages of discovery. | |
| 440445564 | Columbus | Italian-born explorer who believed he arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent. | |
| 440445565 | Montezuma | Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors | |
| 440445566 | Elizabeth I | Unmarried English ruler who led England to national glory. | |
| 440445567 | Hiawatha | Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois Confederation | |
| 440445568 | John Cabot | Italian-born explorer sent by the English to explore the coast of North America in 1498 | |
| 440445569 | Georgia | Founded as a refuge for debtors by philanthropists. | |
| 440445570 | North Carolina | Colony that was called "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit". | |
| 440445571 | Smith and Rolfe | leaders who rescued Jamestown from the "starving time". | |
| 440445572 | Maryland | Founded as a haven for Roman Catholics. | |
| 440445573 | Lord Baltimore | Catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers. | |
| 440445574 | South Carolina | Colony that turned to disease-resistant African-American slaves for labor in its extensive rice plantations. | |
| 440445575 | Raleigh and Gilbert | Elizabethan courtiers who failed in their attempts to found New World colonies. | |
| 440445576 | Jamestown | Riverbank site where Virginia Company settlers planted the first permanent English colony. | |
| 440445577 | Cause: The Great Ice Age | Effect: Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America. | |
| 440445578 | Cause: Cultivation of Maize (corn) | Effect: Formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America | |
| 440445579 | Cause: New sailing technology and desire for spices | Effect: European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia. | |
| 440445580 | Cause: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands | Effect: Rapid expansion of the African slave trade | |
| 440445581 | Cause: Columbus's first encounter with the New World | Effect: A global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases. | |
| 440445582 | Cause: Native Americans' lack of immunity to various diseases | Effect: Decline of 90% in the New World Indian population | |
| 440445583 | Cause: Spanish conquest of larger quantities of New World gold and silver | Effect: Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing. | |
| 440445584 | Cause: Aztec legends of a returning god, Quetzalcoatl | Effect: Cortes' relatively easy conquest of the Aztecs. | |
| 440445585 | Cause: Spanish need to protect Mexico against French and English encroachment | Effect: Establishment of Spanish settlements in Florida and New Mexico | |
| 440445586 | Cause: Franciscan friars' desire to convert Pacific coast Indians to Catholicism | Effect: Formation of a chain of mission settlements in California. | |
| 440445587 | Cause: The English victory over the Spanish Armada | Effect: Enabled England to gain control of the North Atlantic sea-lanes. | |
| 440445588 | Cause: The English law of primogeniture | Effect: Led many younger sons of the gentry to seek their fortunes in exploration and colonization. | |
| 440445589 | Cause: The enclosing of English pastures and crop land | Effect: Forced numerous laborers off the land and sent them looking for opportunities elsewhere. | |
| 440445590 | Cause: Lord DeLa Warr's use of brutal "Irish tactics" in Virginia | Effect: led to the two Anglo-Powhatan wars that virtually exterminated Virginia's Indian population. | |
| 440445591 | Cause: The English government's persecution of Roman Catholics | Effect: Led Lord Baltimore to establish Maryland. | |
| 440445592 | Cause: The slave codes of England's Barbados colony | Effect: Became the legal basis for slavery in North America. | |
| 440445593 | Cause: The introduction of tobacco | Effect: created the economic foundation for most of England's southern colonies. | |
| 440445594 | Cause: The flight of poor farmers and religious dissenters from planter run Virginia | Effect: Led to the founding of independent minded North Carolina. | |
| 440445595 | Cause: John Smith's stern leadership in Virginia | Effect: Whipped gold-hungry, nonworking colonists into line. | |
| 440445596 | Cause: Gorgia's unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and vulnerability to Spanish attacks | Effect: Kept the buffer colony poor and largely unpopulated for a long time. |
