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| 372060781 | agrarian | agricultural, farmer, usually JDR | |
| 372060782 | Alexander Hamilton | Washington's Secretary of Treasury, Federalist, urged paying off national debt - whiskey tax, national treasury, financial plan | |
| 372060783 | Alien and Sedition Acts | Naturalization Law: Feds. raised residence requirements for aliens to become citizens. Alien Act: could deport/arrest any suspicious foreigner. Alien Enemy Act: if war with country, can arrest suspicious alien citizens from that country. Sedition Act: anyone who impeded policies of gov. was liable to fine & imprisonment | |
| 372060784 | assumption | Hamilton wanted federal gov. to assume debts of states as part of his financial plan | |
| 372060785 | Bank of the United States | promoted by Hamilton, won over, Washington signed bank into law, pro-central gov. | |
| 372060786 | Bill of Rights | 1791: reason many states ratified Constitution, secured freedoms and rights of the people | |
| 372060787 | cabinet | Washington's was diverse: Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox | |
| 372060788 | Citizen Genet | landed at Charleston, met JDRs, equipped privateers to fight British in Florida & Canada, went to Philadelphia, Washington rejected his ideas (they endangered neutrality), US granted him citizenship to escape possible execution in France | |
| 372060789 | compact theory | federal gov. is agent of states, so states can declare laws null & void, expressed in Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions | |
| 372060790 | Farewell Address | Washington stepped down from presidency, warned against political parties & permanent alliances with foreign nations | |
| 372060791 | Federalists | Hamilton, national bank, financial plan, federal gov., mostly pro-British, mostly merchants, manufacturers, shippers | |
| 372060792 | French Revolution | France threw back Austrian armies, declared itself a republic, Feds. nervous that they would have to have some bloodshed in US as well | |
| 372060793 | Hamilton's Financial Plan | federal gov. would pay state debts, national treasury, imposed duties/taxes (whiskey), national currency | |
| 372060794 | Henry Knox | Washington's Secretary of War | |
| 372060795 | implied powers | rights granted to Congress, loose interpretation of Constitution | |
| 372060796 | Jay's Treaty | Washington sent Jay to England to avoid war, Hamilton sabotaged, impressment, US had to pay off pre-Revolutionary War debts to Britain, Southern JDRs = furious, bad turnout | |
| 372060797 | Jeffersonian Republicans | strict interpretation, states' rights, no national bank, mostly pro-French, mostly farmers | |
| 372060798 | John Adams | became 2nd president, Jefferson = his vice, hated Hamilton, sensitive situation with France | |
| 372060799 | John Jay | first Chief Justice of US, Jay's Treaty | |
| 372060800 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | created effective federal courts (including Supreme Court), did not define powers of each | |
| 372060801 | Neutrality Proclamation | 1793: nation was disunited & weak, Washington declares US's neutrality in war between Britain & France | |
| 372060802 | nullification | same as compact theory | |
| 372060803 | Pinckney Treaty | 1795: gave US free navigation of Mississippi & north of Florida | |
| 372060804 | strict construction | JDR policy of adhering to the dictations of the Constitution, if not mentioned, not legal/constitutional | |
| 372060805 | Thomas Jefferson | opposed national bank, strict interpretation, Democratic-Republican, states' rights, compact theory, appeal to common man, absorbed many major Federalist programs --> smooth transition into presidency | |
| 372060806 | Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions | 1798-99: compact theory, kill Alien & Sedition Laws, KY: Jefferson, VA: Madison - (less extreme) | |
| 372060807 | Whiskey Rebellion | farmers revolted against Hamilton's excise tax, taxation without representation, Washington sent large army to crush it, showed gov. was strong | |
| 372060808 | XYZ Affair | Adams sent 3 envoys to France, where they were bribed by French agents --> turned down offer | |
| 372060809 | Revolution of 1800 | thought Jefferson would make BIG changes, peaceful transfer of power, JDRs = "people's party" | |
| 372060810 | Aaron Burr | tied with Jefferson for president --> lost, killed Hamilton in duel while scheming with Feds. to make NY & New England secede, arrested for treason | |
| 372060811 | Albert Gallatin | Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury, reduced national debt while balancing budget | |
| 372060812 | Chesapeake incident | British tried to put blockade around US --> leads US toward war, British attack US ship --> anti-British sentiments | |
| 372060813 | economic coercion | led to Embargo Act, trying to get country's attention by hurting it financially (Non-Intercourse Act) | |
| 372060814 | Embargo Act | 1807: forbade export of all goods from US to any foreign nation, thought it would hurt Britain & France --> reverse - but US becomes self-sufficient | |
| 372060815 | Henry Clay | speaker of the House, American System, Great Compromiser, helped guide Missouri Compromise through Congress, Tariff of Abomination, Whig party (anti-Jackson) | |
| 372060816 | impeachment | power of House of Rep. to make a legal statement of charges against an official | |
| 372060817 | impressment | illegal seizure of men and forcing them to serve on ships, Napoleon seized US ships that entered British ports --> US = furious | |
| 372060818 | James Madison | became president in 1809, didn't appear a strong leader, tricked by Napoleon into War of 1812 | |
| 372060819 | John Marshall | Chief Justice, Supreme Court Justice, Fed., pro-capitalist, helped bolster power of gov. at expense of states | |
| 372060820 | Judicial Review | Supreme Court has power to determine a law's constitutionality | |
| 372060821 | Judiciary Act of 1801 | passed by Feds. on last days of congressional domination, created Fed. judges | |
| 372060822 | Louisiana Purchase Treaty | 1803: doubles size of country, achieved because of national bank | |
| 372060823 | Macon's Bill #2 | 1810: permitted US trade with whole world and promised US restoration of trade to France/England if either dropped their commercial restrictions --> duped by Napoleon | |
| 372060824 | Marbury vs. Madison | power to Supreme Court to review all laws and declare constitutionality (Judicial Review) | |
| 372060825 | Meriweather Lewis | explored Louisiana territory with Clark & Sacajawea, returned with info about land & people | |
| 372060826 | midnight judges | Adams appoints Fed. judges before Jefferson becomes president, leaves Fed. stamp on gov. | |
| 372060827 | mosquito fleet | Jefferson sent ships to North African shore | |
| 372060828 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Louisiana Purchase, renewed war with Britain, pulled US into War of 1812 | |
| 372060829 | Non-Intercourse Act | 1809: repealed Embargo Act, reopened trade with all nations except France & England --> economic coercion | |
| 372060830 | Orders in Council | London issued to close French ports to foreign shipping (including US) unless they stopped at a British port first | |
| 372060831 | Tecumseh | 1806: organizes Confederacy against whites on their land, disorganized, good orator, thought Indians should live separate from whites | |
| 372060832 | the Prophet | killed by William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe, fought with Tecumseh | |
| 372060833 | War Hawks | aggressive Western Congressmen who cried out against the Indian threat on the frontier, call for war against Britain - suspected of supplying Indians with weapons | |
| 372060834 | William Marbury | one of Adams's midnight judges, Marbury vs. Madison - removed from his position | |
| 372060835 | Zebulon Pike | explored Mississippi (1805-06), and Southern Louisiana, Pike's Peak | |
| 372060836 | Adams-Onis Treaty | 1819: transcontinental treaty, Spain gave Florida to US, settled border dispute in Texas, triumph of American diplomacy | |
| 372060837 | American System | 1824: Henry Clay, strong banking system, protective tariff to promote manufacturing in North, roads & canals | |
| 372060838 | Andrew Jackson | killed Indians & British accused of assisting Indians in Florida | |
| 372060839 | Cohens vs. Virginia | 1821: right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal gov. | |
| 372060840 | Daniel Webster | Darmouth vs. Woodward, renowned constitutional scholar & lawyer | |
| 372060841 | Dartmouth College vs. Woodward | 1819: state legislature of New Hampshire took over Dartmouth College, college sued to regain control, Dartmouth Charter was protected by Constitution - state couldn't alter | |
| 372060842 | Era of Good Feelings | 3 presidents: Jefferson, Madison, Monroe; no party opposition, after war of 1812, patriotism, US = completely independent, American System | |
| 372060843 | Fletcher vs. Peck | 1810: Sanctity of Contracts over state laws - boost private business, corrupt Georgia legislature, federal law supersedes state law --> GA can't interfere with contract | |
| 372060844 | Gibbons vs. Ogden | 1824: shipping rights on Hudson, Congress can regulate interstate commerce over state rights, power of federal gov. over states | |
| 372060845 | Hartford Convention | death of Fed. Party, wanted to secede from union, Monroe became president | |
| 372060846 | internal improvements | result of American system, network of roads & canals | |
| 372060847 | isolationism | Washingtonian policy of avoiding foreign affairs & entangling alliances | |
| 372060848 | James Monroe | very popular, Era of Good Feelings, Missouri Compromise, Monroe Doctrine | |
| 372060849 | John Quincy Adams | Monroe's Secretary of State, wrote Monroe Doctrine | |
| 372060850 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | implied powers, national bank was necessary to fulfill the gov.'s duties to manage $, creating bank was constitutional, states can't tax a federal institution | |
| 372060851 | Missouri Compromise | Missouri would be admitted as slave state, Maine admitted as a free state --> maintain balance, new states north of 36°30' line = free, south of the line = slave | |
| 372060852 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823: non-colonization, nonintervention, no trading of colonies in US or Latin America | |
| 372060853 | nationalism | after war of 1812, art & literature flourished | |
| 372060854 | non-colonization | Monroe Doctrine - US protected Latin America from imperialist powers | |
| 372060855 | nonintervention | Monroe Doctrine - US protected Latin America from military intervention | |
| 372060856 | Ohio Fever | movement of many immigrants after war of 1812 to Ohio Valley - available cheap land, elimination of Indian threat, and need for land by tobacco farmers who exhausted their land | |
| 372060857 | Rush Bagot Agreement | agreement with England, non-proliferation, limits number of warships in Great Lakes | |
| 372060858 | sectionalism | South didn't like Tariff of 1816 - only benefited North, same with roads & canals (American System in general) | |
| 372060859 | Tallmadge Amendment | no more slaves would be brought into Missouri, gradual emancipation of children at age 25 born to slave parents already in Missouri | |
| 372060860 | Tariffs of 1816 | protective tariff on dutiable imports, part of American System, upset the South | |
| 372060861 | Tippecanoe | William Henry Harrison burned town, killed the Prophet | |
| 372060862 | Treaty of Ghent | 1814: a draw in the war, return to pre-war arrangements, end to hostilities, did not mention impressment! | |
| 372060863 | William Henry Harrison | attacked Tecumseh & Prophet at Tippecanoe, 1813: brings partial victory, British confederacy crushed, 1814: defeat Napoleon --> Britain goes offensive, Battle of Thames --> defeat British, morale boost | |
| 372060864 | Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia | 1831: federal gov. over state legislature | |
| 372060865 | Samuel Adams | The "Engineer of the Revolution" who opposed the Constitution because he now distrusted change. | |
| 372060866 | Virginia | The state in which John Marshall supported the ratification of the Constitution. | |
| 372060867 | Annapolis Convention | The meeting called by Virginia in 1786 for the purpose of revising the rules of commerce. | |
| 372060868 | Anti-Federalists | The name that was given to opponents of the Constitution who feared that states' rights would be swallowed up by the new government. | |
| 372060869 | Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the U.S. which was passed by Congress in 1777. | |
| 372060870 | Allen Brothers | Along the northern frontier in the post-Revolution era, Britain conspired with these men in hopes of annexing Vermont. | |
| 372060871 | Church Disestablishment in Virginia | The post-Revolution struggle to separate religion and government in Virginia. | |
| 372060872 | Benjamin Franklin | The 81-year-old elder statesman who contributed some of the leadership for the Constitutional Convention. | |
| 372060873 | Conservative Counterrevolution | The term used by Bailey to describe how the Constitutional Convention delegates had restored the political and economic stability of the colonial years. | |
| 372060874 | Electoral College | The group designated by the Constitutional Convention to elect the president on behalf of the people. | |
| 372060875 | Empress of China | The U.S. ship that led the way in 1784 to opening East Asian markets. | |
| 372060876 | Episcopal Church | The church that grew from the demise of the Anglican Church after the Revolution. | |
| 372060877 | The Federalist | The essays written in support of the Constitution that remain the most penetrating commentary ever written on the subject. | |
| 372060878 | Federalists | The name given to supporters of the Constitution in 1787 who wanted a strong central government. | |
| 372060879 | Pennsylvania | The state whose ratification of the Constitution saw opponents forcibly seated in order to ensure quorum. | |
| 372060880 | Great Compromise | The agreement at the Constitutional Convention that resulted in the Senate for small states and the House for large states. | |
| 372060881 | Alexander Hamilton | The youngest of the "Founding Fathers" who at age 32 was advocating a powerful central government. | |
| 372060882 | Loyalists or Tories | The group of individuals who had many of their holdings confiscated and cut up into smaller parcels after the Revolution. | |
| 372060883 | John Jay | The Federalist author who was the first chief justice of the Supreme Court. | |
| 372060884 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | The document of 1785 which provided the land of the Ohio River area should be surveyed and divided into townships and sections. | |
| 372060885 | James Madison | The "Father of the Constitution" who helped author The Federalist. | |
| 372060886 | Patrick Henry | The Famous but skeptical Virginian who was selected but refused to. | |
| 372060887 | Massachusetts | The large state whose ratification of the Constitution was secured after assurances that a bill of rights would be added. | |
| 372060888 | Gouverneur Morris | The Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention who spoke more frequently than all others and served as principal draftsman of the document. | |
| 372060889 | Mutiny of Pennsylvania Troops | The event in 1783 which proved that the new congress could not even protect itself from gross indignities. | |
| 372060890 | New Hampshire | The state whose ratification of the Constitution was made possible by adjourning their convention until enough opponents' minds could be changed. | |
| 372060891 | Western Land | The first major dispute our nation had occurred near the end of the Revolution when six states complained about large holdings of this by seven other states. | |
| 372060892 | New Jersey | The state that proposed a plan at the Constitutional Convention that provided equal representation by states regardless of size or population. | |
| 372060893 | North African Pirates | The group of people who ravaged American commerce and enslaved Yankee seamen in the Mediterranean during the post-Revolutionary years. | |
| 372060894 | Northern Border of U.S. | The location of a chain of trading posts held by Britain after the Revolutionary War, presumably because of the failure of American states to carry out treaty requirements with regard to debts and Loyalists. | |
| 372060895 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | The post-Revolutionary document that spelled out how new territories could become states equal to the original thirteen. | |
| 372060896 | Dey of Algers | The African who Bailey called a "Founding Father" because his actions helped give the Constitutional Convention of 1787 a greater urgency. | |
| 372060897 | Primogeniture | The name for the ancient right of the eldest son to inherit all the property of the father. | |
| 372060898 | New York | The only state that permitted a manhood suffrage vote for members of the convention ratifying the Constitution. | |
| 372060899 | Shays' Rebellion | Impoverished farmers demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. To enforce their demands in 1786-1787, they grabbed their muskets and challenged local authorities in this event. | |
| 372060900 | Lord Sheffield | The Englishman who argued in the post-Revolution era that seeking American trade was not necessary but that trade would naturally follow. | |
| 372060901 | Slavetrade Compromise | The argreement in the Constitutional Convention whereby the importation of slaves would cease in 1807. | |
| 372060902 | Three-Fifths Compromise | The agreement at the Constitutional Convention whereby a slave could be counted as less than one person for purposes of representation. | |
| 372060903 | Virginia | The state that proposed the plan at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation in Congress based on population. |
