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| 335076232 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807 | 0 | |
| 335076233 | Mahmud II | Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fermented revolution of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents | 1 | |
| 335076234 | Tanzimat reforms | Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 | 2 | |
| 335076235 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 | 3 | |
| 335076236 | Young Turks | group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI | 4 | |
| 335076237 | mamluks | Turkic slave-warriors who ruled Egypt and defeated the Mongols to prevent their entry into northern Africa | 5 | |
| 335076238 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848 | 6 | |
| 335076239 | khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1876; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 | 7 | |
| 335076240 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment | 8 | |
| 335076241 | Ahmad Orabi | Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support | 9 | |
| 335076242 | Mahdi | In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in Sudan | 10 | |
| 335076243 | Nurhaci | Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing | 11 | |
| 335076244 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus | 12 | |
| 335076245 | compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world | 13 | |
| 335125699 | Lin Zexu | Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscated opium; sent into exile following the Opium War | 14 | |
| 335125700 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade | 15 | |
| 335125701 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry | 16 | |
| 335125702 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners | 17 | |
| 335268586 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials | 18 | |
| 335268587 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy | 19 |
