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| 205694402 | Cyrus the Great | -Famous Persian emperor -controlled land and people across northern Middle East and into Northwestern India | 0 | |
| 205694403 | Pericles | -Famous Greek politician who dominated Athenian government -even he was not able to prevent war between Athens and Sparta (peloponnesian war) | 1 | |
| 205694404 | Alexander the Great | -Extended the Greek Empire into the Persian Empire all the way to India -died shortly after conquest | 2 | |
| 205694405 | Hellenistic period | After Alexander's death, Greek education, art, and culture merged with Middle East. Trade and important scientific centers were established (Alexandria, Egypt) | 3 | |
| 205694406 | Punic Wars | wars between Roman Republic and Carthage over dominance of the Mediterranean. Hannibal(for carthage) was unable to stop Romans | 4 | |
| 205694407 | Julius Caesar | -Dictator of Roman Republic -effectively ended the republic and transformed it into an empire | 5 | |
| 205694408 | Diocletian and Constantine | -Strong emperors toward end of Roman Empire -tried to reverse the tide of the empire's ultimate fall -Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople and allowed freedom for worship for Christians | 6 | |
| 205694409 | Greek city-states | united in language and religion but Greeks had different forms of government from monachies to oligarchies to aristocratically controlled democracies | 7 | |
| 205694410 | Greek word for city-state | "polis" | 8 | |
| 205694411 | senate | -most important legislative body in Roman republic -composed mainly of aristocrats | 9 | |
| 205694412 | consuls | 2 men who shared executive power in Roman republic. (in emergencies a dictator was chosen) | 10 | |
| 205694413 | In times of crisis, who could the Senate choose? | a dictator with emergency powers | 11 | |
| 205694414 | Cicero | Roman writer and senator who expounded on the value of oratory (small chapel) in political discourse. | 12 | |
| 205694415 | Socrates | leading figure in development of classical Med. philosophy. Encouraged students to question conventional wisdom. | 13 | |
| 205694416 | Plato | Socrates' greatest pupil who suggested humans could approach an understanding of perfect forms of truth, good, and beauty | 14 | |
| 205694417 | Aristotle | -Student of Plato -developed logic and scientific reasoning -stressed the value of moderation | 15 | |
| 205694418 | Stoics | Adherents of Greek philosophy emphasized an inner moral independence prepared by strict discipline and personal bravery. | 16 | |
| 205694419 | Sophocles | Athenian dramatist who specialized in psychological tragedies (such as Oedipus Rex) | 17 | |
| 205694420 | Iliad | -Greek epic poem -attributed to Homer -defined gods and human nature that shaped Greek | 18 | |
| 205694421 | Doric, Ionic, Corinthian | 3 forms of Greek columns that represent what is still known as classical architecture. Doric= simplest. Corinthian= most elaborate | 19 | |
| 205694422 | Battle of Marathon | Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army | 20 | |
| 205694423 | Xerxes | Persian king who invaded Greece in revenge for earlier Persian defeats by the Greeks. Defeated in battles os Salamis and Plataea | 21 | |
| 205694424 | Themistocles | Athenian leader who helped lead Athenian navy during Persian wars. Lead to defeat of Persian fleet | 22 | |
| 205694425 | Battle of Thermopylae | Spartan king Leonidas and his army of 300 spartans and other Greeks refused to surrender to the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae. Annihilated but allowed other Greek forces to prepare | 23 | |
| 205694426 | Zoroastrianism | -Persian religion developed by prophet Zoroaster -taught that life is a battle between forces of good and evil, humans have to choose between the 2 | 24 | |
| 205694427 | Olympic Games | Festival and athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus. All greek city-states sent representatives | 25 | |
| 205694428 | Peloponnesian Wars | War against Athens and Sparta Sparta won war but city-states were weakened from fighting | 26 | |
| 205694429 | Philip II of Macedon | -King of Macedon -defeated army of Thebes and Athens to become ruler of Greek city-states -father of Alexander the Great | 27 | |
| 205694430 | Alexandria | -Founded by Alexander the Great -seaport in Egypt (on Med. Sea) -center of Hellenistic culture with a great library | 28 | |
| 205694431 | Roman republic | -balanced constitution of Rome -featured an Aristocratic Senate, panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 29 | |
| 205694432 | Carthage | Ancient city-state in north Africa founded by Phoenicians and destroyed by Romans in Punic Wars | 30 | |
| 205694433 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general who led troops into Italy during 2nd Punic War. Defeated by Roman general Scipio | 31 | |
| 205694434 | Augustus Caesar | -restored order to Rome -first emperor of Rome -instituted a monarchial government where emperor was dictator, chief military general, and chief priest | 32 | |
| 205694435 | Tyranny | government based on the rule of an absolute ruler | 33 | |
| 205694436 | Direct democracy | government based on the rule of the of the vote of the people | 34 | |
| 205694437 | Aristocracy | government based on the rule of the best of the society | 35 | |
| 205694438 | Twelve Tables | Roman law code developed in response to the democratization of the Roman republic | 36 | |
| 205694439 | "Mystery" religions | Religions often from Middle East which had secret rituals and fellowship and greater sense of contact with divine. competed with Christianity | 37 | |
| 205694440 | Herodotus | Greek historian called "Father of History" who wrote the account of Persian Wars in the Hirstories | 38 | |
| 205694441 | Pythagoras | Hellenistic mathematician who developed many basic geometric theorems which are still in use | 39 | |
| 205694442 | Galen | Hellenistic physician and writer who wrote many medical treaties; formed basis of modern medical practice | 40 | |
| 205694443 | Euclid | Hellenistic mathematician who produced the world's most widely used collection of info of geometry | 41 | |
| 205694444 | Ptolemy | Hellenistic astronomer who produced an elaborate theory of the sun's motion around the Earth | 42 | |
| 205694445 | Sappho | -One of the great poets of ancient Greeks -her poetry developed complexities of the inner workings of human beings and love | 43 | |
| 205694446 | Vergil | one of the greatest of Roman poets during "Golden Age" of LAtin literature; patronized by Augustus' author of Aeneid | 44 |
