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APWH Modern 8000 to 600 BCE Flashcards

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6951287038AgricultureThe practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis.0
6951287039ArtisanA skilled craftsperson.1
6951287040DomesticationThe taming of animals and plants for human use, such as for labor or food.2
6951287041EurasiaThe large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia.3
6951287042AnimismThe belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits.4
6951287043Hunter-foragersPeople who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and edible roots.5
6951287044IrrigationA way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops.6
6951287045MetallurgyThe science of the study of metals.7
6951287046MigrationA movement from one country or region to another.8
6951287047MonotheismThe belief in one God.9
6951287048Paleolithic PeriodOld Stone Age, where humanos used stone tools and weapons.10
6951287049Specialization of laborThe division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work.11
6951287050SurplusHaving more resources than needed for themselves.12
6951287051TextileItems made of cloth, would be weaved by women and then decorated, usually all at home.13
6951287052UrbanizationAn increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.14
6951287053OvergrazingThe continual eating of grasses or their roots, without allowing them to regrow.15
6951287054OverfarmingLand loosing its fertility unless it is left fallow or it was fertilized usually by spreading of animal manure.16
6951287055ArtifactsObjects made and used by early humans, usually dug up by archaeologists.17
6951287057Neolithic RevolutionThe switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle.18
6951287058Bronze AgeThe period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze.19
6951287059CivilizationThe stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced.20
6951287060JerichoOne of the oldest first human cities that was built on the West Bank of the Jordan river.21
6951287061Catal HuyukAncient city in present dat Turkey that was founded in 7500 B.C.E. along a river that has since dried up.22
6951287062Nomadic PastoralismPeople moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture.23
6951287063Kinship GroupSeveral related families that moved together in search of food.24
6951287064ClanGroup of families with a common ancestor.25
6951287065TribeA group of people who share a common ancestry, language, name, and way of living.26
6951287066PatriarchalRelating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority.27
6951287067MerchantsPeople who buy and sell goods also known as traders.28
6951287068Social StratificationThe division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy. Some people accumulated wealth in the form of jewelry and others coveted items by building larger and better decorated houses.29
6951287069Priests and PriestessesPeople who performed religious ceremonies.30
6951287070Tigris and Euphrates RiversFlow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf.31
6951287071MesopotamiaLand between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from.32
6951287072Fertile CrescentAn arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf .33
6951287073SumeriansGroup of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations.34
6951287074ZigguratsTemples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.35
6951287075DesertificationThe spread of desert like conditions.36
6951287076Indus River ValleyDeveloped near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region.37
6951287077Environmental DegradationCaused the gradual decline and eventual disappearance of the Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations by soil eroding.38
6951287078DeforestationThe removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.39
6951287079LoessA wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt.40
6951287080MesoamericaAn area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America.41
6951287081GlyphsThe first writing system in the Americas that used pictures and symbols of real ojects.42
6951287082BarterTrading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money.43
6951287083PolytheisticBelief in many gods.44
6951287084ZigguratsTemples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped.45
6951287085AstronomyThe study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.46
6951287086AstrologyTheory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.47
6951287087AbrahamFounder of Judaism.48
6951287088MosesLed the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments.49
6951287089Ten CommandmentsLaws given by God to Moses that tell Jews how to behave in their daily lives.50
6951287090Jewish DiasporaThe scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 B.C.E.51
6951287091The Huang He and The Chiang JiangWhere Chinas first civilizations developed.52
6951287092MummificationInvolved removing the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts, and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth.53
6951287093HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.54
6951287094PapyrusA type of plant that grew along the Nile River, used its fibers to create a type of paper.55
6951287095VedasA collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs.56
6951287096Vedic AgeAryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs.57
6951287097BrahmaOverarching, universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth.58
6951287098DharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties.59
6951287099KarmaThe effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul.60
6951287100MokshaThe Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.61
6951287101Ancestor VenerationThe believe of making offerings to their ancestors in hope to win their favor.62
6951287102Golden AgeA period in which a society or culture is at its peak.63
6951287103Mandate of HeavenA just rulers power was bestowed by the gods.64
6951287104UpanishadsA foundational text for the set of religious beliefs that later became known as Hinduism.65
6951287105PictographsA graphic symbol that represents an idea, concept, or object, rather than representing a single sound, as letter systems do.66
6951287106ShamansPeople who believed to have special abilities to cure the sick and influence the future.67
6951287107Core and Foundational civilizationsCivilizations that developed ways of life, such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices, that would heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions.68
6951287108City-StateTypically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government.69
6951287109KingsSumerian military leaders became more important than priests and ruled over a territory known as a kingdom.70
6951287110CuneiformSumerians created it to keep records which consisted of marks carved onto wet clay tablets.71
6951287111ScribesIndividuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths.72
6951287112The Epic of GilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature.73
6951287113EmpireLarge territory that included diverse cultural groups.74
6951287114BabyloniansPersians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon.75
6951287115HammurabiBabylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi.76
6951287116Code of HammurabiLaw code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes.77
6951287117PhoeniciansMost powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E.78
6951287118CarthageA Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region.79
6951287119Alphabetic scriptA system of symbols (letters) that represent the sounds of speech, as an alternative to cuneiform around 1000 B.C.E.80
6951287120Sahara and Kalahari DesertsTwo desert zones one in Northern Africa and the other in Southern Africa.81
6951287121Nile RiverThe river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.82
6951287122King MenesUnited Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first royal dynasty.83
6951287123Old KingdomA period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC.84
6951287124Middle KingdomA period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC.85
6951287125New KingdomThe period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory.86
6951287126PharaohA king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.87
6951287127TheocratsRulers holding both religious and political power.88
6951287128HyksosA group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.89
6951287129AkhenatonThe pharaoh that tried to change Egypts religion and called for the worship of a sun god called Aten.90
6951287130Ramses the GreatTook the throne around 1290 B.C.E. who expanded the empire into Southwest Asia and built more temples and erected more statues than any other pharaoh.91
6951287131HittitesHad military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons.92
6951287132Book of the DeadScrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt.93
6951287133DravidiansIndigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent.94
6951287134Xia DynastyLasted for about 400 years, little is known because early Chinese had no writing system.95
6951287135Shang DynastyRuled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power.96
6951287136Zhou DynastyThe longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.97
6951287137FeudalismThe network of regional rulers with relationships based on mutual defense agreements.98
6951287138MaizeOne of the first important plants to be grown by the indigenous Americans.99
6951287139Chavin CivilizationExisted from around 1000 to 200 B.C.E, and centered at Chavin de Huantar.100
6951287140OlmecThe foundation or core of Mesoamerica advanced civilizations.101
6951287141AboriginalsPeople in Australia who remained hunter-foragers.102
6951287142Easter IslandDivided into clans, with a chief for each clan and one chief over all clans.103

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