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| 1454993387 | What is a pathogen | Any organism that causes disease | 1 | |
| 1454993388 | In which three ways can a pathogen penetrate an organs interface with the environment? | 1. Through gas exchange systems 2. Through skin, if you have a cut. 3. Digestive system | 2 | |
| 1454993389 | Pathogens cause disease by... | Producing toxins Damaging cells by rupturing them, breaking down their nutrients or replicating inside them and bursting them | 3 | |
| 1454993390 | List three lifestyle factors that can increase your risk of getting coronary heart disease | Smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet (too much fat or cholesterol) and excessive alcohol intake | 4 | |
| 1454993391 | List risk factors that could increase the risk of getting cancer... | Smoking, excess exposure to the sun or excessive alcohol intake | 5 | |
| 1454993392 | By changing your lifestyle, you can... The effects of various diseases | Reduce | 6 | |
| 1454993393 | What triggers an immune response? | Foreign antigens | 7 | |
| 1454993394 | What are antigens | Molecules found on the surface of cells | 8 | |
| 1454993395 | Phagocytes.. | Engulf pathogens by using protein receptors to identify foreign molecules. Phagocytes are then attracted to the pathogens and engulf them. the pathogens are sealed in a phagocytic vacuole and are broken down via lysosomes | 9 | |
| 1454993396 | Phagocytes activate... | T cells. these T cells have surface proteins to bind with the antigens | 10 | |
| 1454993397 | T cells activate... | B cells. B cells are covered in antibodies that bind to the antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes. The B cell then divides to form a plasma cell which will produce cloned antibodies. | 11 | |
| 1454993398 | What is the cellular immune response | T cells and other cells they interact with, e.g phagocytes | 12 | |
| 1454993399 | What is the humoral immune response | B cells and the production of antibodies. | 13 | |
| 1454993400 | Vaccines speed up the response to... | Antigens. | 14 | |
| 1454993401 | Vaccines contain... | Weakened antigens, this is to produce a primary response against a particular pathogen without suffering from the disease. | 15 | |
| 1454993402 | Vaccines can be taken in two ways... | Orally or through injection | 16 | |
| 1454993403 | Why are most vaccines given by injection? | Because if taken orally, stomach acid and enzymes could break down the vaccine before it gets into the blood stream. | 17 | |
| 1454993404 | What is antigenic variation | How a pathogen can evade the immune system by changing their surface antigens due to changes in their genes. | 18 | |
| 1454993405 | Why is it difficult to make vaccines for pathogens that experience antigenic variation? | Because the immune system won't recognise the pathogen and so the primary response will begin again each time | 19 | |
| 1454993406 | What are monoclonal antibodies? | Antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical b cells | 20 | |
| 1454993407 | Monoclonal antibodies can bind to... | Anything | 21 | |
| 1454993408 | Why are the side effects of using monoclonal antibodies usually less than when using regular antibodies | They are more specifically targeted | 22 |
