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(B2) BC1 Biotechnology Flashcards

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459467501How many base pairs are in the human genome?3 Billion
459467502How many genes are in the human genome?20,000-25,000
459467503What are some important achievements leading to modern molecular biology?Restriction Endonucleases, Cloning of DNA, Creation of Synthetic Probes, PCR
459467504What are Restriction Enzymes?Endonucleases that cleave specific DNA sequences
459467505What are characteristics of sequences cleaved by Restriction Enzymes?They are usually short and palindromes
459467506How are Palindromes read?5' --> 3'
459467507What is an easy to tell if a sequence is a palindrome?If it would bind on itself when folded in half
459467508What are the two possible results of Restriction enzymes?Sticky and Blunt
459467509Why is it important for the 3'OH and the 5'Phosphate to remain after cleavage?Ligation
459467510What are Restriction Enzymes named for?The organism they were derived from
459467511What is a restriction site?A DNA Sequence that can be cleaved by a restriction enzyme
459467512What is recombinant DNA?Fragments of DNA pasted together for hybrid molecules
459467513Where is the Restricton Fragment inserted in DNA cloning?The Cloning Vector
459467514Where must Cloning Vectors be replicated?Inside Host Cells
459467515What are Vectors?Molecules of DNA that can accept fragments of foreign DNA
459467516What are the requirements for DNA Cloning vectors?Must be capable of autonomus replication, must carry at least one restriction site to insert foreign DNA, must carry one gene for selection
459467517What is the most common vector?Prokaryote Plasmids
459467518What are the contents of Genomic DNA Libraries?All sequences in the genome (coding regions as well as introns)
459467519What is the beginning molecule of cDNA libraries?mRNA
459467520What happens to the beginning mRNA in cDNA Libraries?It is reverse transcribed
459467521What happens to the DNA of cDNA Libraries after it is transcribed?It is ligated into a vector and cloned
459467522What is the benefit of cDNA Libraries?Allows one to see what genes are expressed in a particular cell
459467523What is the purpose of DNA Sequencing?To determine the exact sequence of cloned DNA
459467524What are the materials in DNA Sequencing?Single stranded template, dNTPs, Primer and Polymerase
459467525What is the process for DNA Sequencing?Divide materials into four tubes, add specific dideoxyribonucleotides and gel electrophoresis
459467526What is the function of Probes?To identify DNA fragments
459467527What happens in DNA Probing?Single Stranded DNA is labeled and hybridized to a complementary ssDNA
459467528What is Hybridization in Probing?The Target DNA must be made single stranded
459467529What prevents the target DNA from reannealing in probing?A solid support (nitrocellulose membrane)
459467530What is Southern Blotting?Analysis of DNA by isolation and subjection to restriction digestion that is then electrophoresed, Denatured and blotted. The blot is then probed
459467531What is different about Northern Blotting from Southern Blotting?Uses mRNA, the probe must be complementary, only detects expressed sequences
459467532What does a Western Blot use?Protein
459467533How many nucleotides are different in non related humans?1/1500
459467534What is the majority of the genome made of?Various intervening sequences
459467535What are polymorphisms?Genetic Variations in Non-Coding Regions
459467536When is a RFLP present?If a genetic change creates or deletes a restriction site of has more or less of a type of repeated sequence
459467537What accounts form most of the genetic variation in humans?Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
459467538What is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism?When a single nucleotide change can create or abolish a restriction site
459467539What happens if a variable number of tandem repeats is cleaved on either side?an RFLP is produced
459467540What is the difference between DNA cloning and PCR?PCR takes place in a tube
459467541What is the first step in PCR?Denature target DNA using heat
459467542What are the steps of PCR?Denature, Anneal, Extend (x30)
459467543What is the temperature of DNA Denaturing?95C
459467544What is the temperature of DNA Annealing?55C
459467545What is the temperature of DNA Extension?72C
459467546What are the advantages of PCR?Sensitivity, Speed, Blotting, Mutation Detection, Detection of Viruses, Forensics
459467547What are the Quantitative Techniques?Northern, Western, Microarray, ELISA, and Proteomics, PCR
459467548What is Southern Blot used for?DNA
459467549What is Northern Blot used for?RNA
459467550What is Western Blot used for?Protein
459467551What is ASO used for?DNA
459467552What is Microarray used for?RNA/cDNA
459467553What is ELISA used for?Proteins/Antibodies
459467554What is Proteomics used for?Proteins
459467555What is PCR used for?DNA (RNA)
459467556Which techniques are Gels used in?All but ASO, Microarray, ELISA
459467557What is the purpose of Southern Blot?Detects DNA changes
459467558What is the purpose of Northern Blot?Measures mRNA
459467559What is the purpose of Western Blot?Measures Protein amounts
459467560What is the purpose of ASO?Detects DNA changes
459467561What is the purpose of Microarray?Measures many mRNA levels
459467562What is the purpose of ELISA?Detects proteins/antigens or antibodies
459467563What is the purpose of proteomics?Measures abundance, distribution, posttrans modifications, functions, and interactions of proteins
459467564What is the purpose of PCR?Many applications
459467565What is the mutation in Sickle Cell?Mutation in Beta Globin eliminates Restriction Site for MstII
459467566What is unique about the RFLP in the sickle cell mutation?It can be used for Diagnosis
459467567What is the clinical diagnostic hallmark of CF?Elevated Chloride Levels, leading to dehydration of Mucus in lungs and pancreas
459467568Why do false positives occur in ELISAs?They're so sensitive
459467569What kind of tests are typically used for paternity?PCR Tests
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