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| 5654317678 | Catabolic pathways | metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy | 0 | |
| 5654317679 | Word Roots: an- | not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen) | 1 | |
| 5654317680 | Word Roots: glyco- | sweet; | 2 | |
| 5654317681 | Word Roots: -lysis | split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate) | 3 | |
| 5654317682 | Word Roots: -photo | light | 4 | |
| 5654317683 | proton charge | +1, | 5 | |
| 5654317684 | proton mass in amu. | 1 | 6 | |
| 5654317685 | electron charge | -1 | 7 | |
| 5654317686 | neutron charge | 0 | 8 | |
| 5654317687 | proton location | nucleus | 9 | |
| 5654317688 | neutron location | nucleus | 10 | |
| 5654317689 | electron location | outside nucleus in orbitals | 11 | |
| 5654317690 | electron mass in amu. | 0 | 12 | |
| 5654317691 | neutron mass in amu. | 1 | 13 | |
| 5654317692 | isotopes | atoms of one element that vary only in amount of neutrons. chemically identical. | 14 | |
| 5654317693 | ionic bonds | transfer of electrons | 15 | |
| 5654317694 | Anion | an atom that gains electrons (negative ion) | 16 | |
| 5654317695 | Cation | an atom that loses an electron (positive ion) | 17 | |
| 5654317696 | covalent bonds | atoms share electrons, creating a molecule | 18 | |
| 5654317697 | single covalent bond | two atoms share a pair of electrons | 19 | |
| 5654317698 | non-polar bond | electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms. H-H. will not dissolve in water | 20 | |
| 5654317699 | polar bond | atoms are shared unequally. C-H. will dissolve in water | 21 | |
| 5654317700 | specific heat | the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1C | 22 | |
| 5654317701 | bicarbonate ion | blood buffer | 23 | |
| 5654317702 | universal solvent | water | 24 | |
| 5654317703 | organic compound | a compound that contains carbon | 25 | |
| 5654317704 | carbon | always forms 4 covalent bonds | 26 | |
| 5654317705 | major classes of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | 27 | |
| 5654317706 | ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate | 2/1 | 28 | |
| 5654317707 | empirical formula for all carbs | CnH2O | 29 | |
| 5654317708 | three classes of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. | 30 | |
| 5654317709 | monosaccharides | chemical formula: C6 H12 O6. Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers of one another). | 31 | |
| 5654317710 | disaccharides | chem formula: C12 H22 O11. consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis/condensation (removal of one molecule of water) | 32 | |
| 5654317711 | sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose | and example of hydrolysis | 33 | |
| 5654317712 | polysaccharides | polymers of carbohydrates and are formed as many monos. join via dehydration synthesis. | 34 | |
| 5654317713 | five important polysaccharides | cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen, peptidoglycan | 35 | |
| 5654317714 | chitin | important polysaccharide, found in animals. makes up exoskeleton in arthropods (and cell walls in mushrooms) Contains peptide cross bridges. | 36 | |
| 5654317715 | glycogen | important polysaccharide, "animal starch". stored in liver and skeletal muscle in humans. | 37 | |
| 5654317716 | lipids | functions: energy storage, structure, and endocrine. organic compouds: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. hydrophobic. consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. | 38 | |
| 5654317717 | glycerol | a trihydoroxy alcohol | 39 | |
| 5654317718 | fatty acid | a longnhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. either saturated or unsaturated |  | 40 |
| 5654317719 | steroids | lipid based hormones ex: testosterone, cholesterol, and estradiol. | 41 | |
| 5654317720 | saturated fats | generally come from animals, solid at room temp, linked to heart disease. ex: butter! |  | 42 |
| 5654317721 | proteins | enzymes, most hormones, antibodies, structural, pigments etc.... | 43 | |
| 5654317722 | -OH | hydroxyl group | 44 | |
| 5654317723 | PO4-2 | phosphate group |  | 45 |
| 5654317724 | dipeptide | a molecule consisting of tow amino acids connected by one peptide bond | 46 | |
| 5654317725 | nucleic acid | either RNA or DNA. polymers, carry all heriditary info. made of nucleotides. | 47 | |
| 5654317726 | nucleic acid make-up | a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base | 48 | |
| 5654317727 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, induced by entry of the substrate so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. | 49 | |
| 5654317728 | kinetic energy | The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter. | 50 | |
| 5654317729 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. | 51 | |
| 5654317730 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. | 52 | |
| 5654317731 | non-competitive inhibitor | A substance that impedes the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer functions. | 53 | |
| 5654317732 | potential energy | The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy. | 54 | |
| 5654317733 | substrate | (1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives. | 55 | |
| 5654317734 | cholesterol | lipid used as the base for many steroids | 56 | |
| 5654317735 | Phospholipids in Cell Membranes | A phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails". Aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane. | 57 | |
| 5654317736 | active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | 58 | |
| 5654317737 | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | main energy source for cells | 59 | |
| 5654317738 | co enzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. | 60 | |
| 5654317739 | competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. A competitive inhibitor's structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate. | 61 | |
| 5654317740 | endergonic reaction | An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. | 62 | |
| 5654317741 | energy of activation | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. | 63 | |
| 5654317742 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. also called S | 64 | |
| 5654317743 | enzyme | A protein (or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process. | 65 | |
| 5654317744 | exergonic reaction | An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. | 66 | |
| 5654317745 | first law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 67 | |
| 5654317746 | fluid mosaic | A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules. | 68 | |
| 5654317747 | Catabolism | The breaking down of materials | 69 | |
| 5654317748 | Oxidative Phosphorolation | The production of ATP from ADP and P during Cellular Respiration ( oxidation of glucose) | 70 | |
| 5654317749 | Photophosphorolation | The production of ATP from ADP and P during the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis. | 71 | |
| 5654317750 | Peptide bond | The bond between two amino acids | 72 | |
| 5654317751 | Condensation Reaction | another name for Dehydration Synthesis | 73 | |
| 5654317752 | amino acid | Building blocks of protein (monomer) |  | 74 |
| 5654317753 | amine group | the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2 | | 75 |
| 5654317754 | carboxyl group | A functional group present in organic acids -COOH | | 76 |
| 5654317755 | R group | Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid. It is always off the middle carbon | | 77 |
| 5654317756 | peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |  | 78 |
| 5654317757 | dipeptide | Two amino acids bonded together | | 79 |
| 5654317758 | condensation reaction | A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water. Also called Dehydration Synthesis. |  | 80 |
| 5654317759 | hydrolysis | Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water. The opposite of Dehydration Synthesis |  | 81 |
| 5654317760 | primary structure | The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. |  | 82 |
| 5654317761 | secondary structure | level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices. Caused by Ionic and Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids |  | 83 |
| 5654317762 | tertiary structure | 3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulfide bridges |  | 84 |
| 5654317763 | quaternary structure | The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |  | 85 |
| 5654317764 | NonCompetitive Inhibition (Allosteirc) | When a molecule blocks an enzyme action by binding to a site other than the active site | 86 | |
| 5654317765 | Enthalpy | is a measure of Heat | 87 | |
| 5654317766 | Entropy | is a measure of Disorder (messiness) | 88 | |
| 5654317767 | Chargaff | scientist who discovered that A-T and G-C always equal in % in organisms | 89 | |
| 5654317768 | Rosalind Franklin | X-Ray of DNA helped decipher the structure of DNA | 90 | |
| 5654317769 | Watson and Crick | won the Nobel prize for figuring out DNA's double helix structure | 91 | |
| 5654317770 | Phospholipid | One phosphate replaces a fatty acid to make a polar end to the molecule |  | 92 |
| 5654317771 | Mutation | any change in the DNA of an organism | 93 | |
| 5654317772 | Lactase | enzyme necessary to break down lactose | 94 | |
| 5654317773 | Phosphodiester bond | the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the Sugar of another | 95 | |
| 5654317774 | Specific Heat | The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water(l) by 1 degree Celsius | 96 | |
| 5654317775 | Antiparallel | The way the two strands of DNA run in a molecule | 97 | |
| 5654317776 | Allosteric Inhibition |  | 98 | |
| 5654317777 | Competitive inhibition |  | 99 | |
| 5654317778 | Surface Tension | on the surface of water, the result of Hydrogen bonding | 100 | |
| 5654317779 | Capillary action | the result of adhesion and cohesion, it is the rising of water in a thin tube. | 101 | |
| 5654317780 | Sulfhydryl group | this functional group is found in amino acids they form disulfide bridges in proteins |  | 102 |
| 5654317781 | By destroying Hydrogen and/or Ionic bonds | How can pH damage Enzyme Structure | 103 | |
| 5654317782 | monomer of nucleic acid | nucleotide | 104 | |
| 5654317783 | subunits of proteins | amino acids | 105 | |
| 5654317784 | important component of hair and muscle | proteins | 106 | |
| 5654317785 | store and transmit genetic info | nucleic acids | 107 | |
| 5654317786 | provide body with immediate energy | carbohydrates | 108 | |
| 5654317787 | contain twice as much hydrogen as carbon | carbohydrates | 109 | |
| 5654317788 | store enough energy for a bear to hibernate | lipid | 110 | |
| 5654317789 | contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen | protein | 111 | |
| 5654317790 | polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects | chitin | 112 | |
| 5654317791 | protein that keeps us healthy by fighting off infection | antibodies | 113 | |
| 5654317792 | long, chain like molecule made up of many repeating monomers | polymer | 114 | |
| 5654317793 | group of organic compounds rich containing C, H, and O with a very high H to O ratio | lipids | 115 | |
| 5654317794 | sugar found in fruit | frutose | 116 | |
| 5654317795 | along with a sugar and a nitrogenous base, makes up a nucletide | phosphate | 117 | |
| 5654317796 | disaccharide known as table sugar | sucrose | 118 | |
| 5654317797 | polysaccharide in which animals store excess carbs (animal starch) | glycogen | 119 | |
| 5654317798 | double stranded nucleic acid | DNA | 120 | |
| 5654317799 | protein that sends messages through the body | hormones | 121 | |
| 5654317800 | polysaccharides found in plant cell walls (commonly called cellulose) | fiber | 122 | |
| 5654317801 | monosaccharide that cells can use | glucose | 123 | |
| 5654317802 | lipids | energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen | 124 | |
| 5654317803 | protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes | 125 | |
| 5654317804 | nucleic acid | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information contains hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen and sometimes sulfur | 126 | |
| 5654317805 | carbs | organic compounds, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ratio of one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom | 127 | |
| 5654317806 | starch | polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers | 128 | |
| 5654317807 | cellulose | polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls | 129 | |
| 5654317808 | DNA | a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix | 130 | |
| 5654317809 | enzyme | specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions | 131 | |
| 5654317810 | RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis | 132 | |
| 5654317811 | glycogen | The form in which the liver and muscles store glucose | 133 | |
| 5654317812 | fat | saturated solid at RT no double bonds | 134 | |
| 5654317813 | oils | unsaturated liquid at RT many double bonds | 135 | |
| 5654317814 | Lactose | A disaccharide found in Milk | 136 |
