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| 6676294897 | Where is energy stored in glucose, starch, fat, etc | In the chemical bonds -cells release energy when bonds are broken | 0 | |
| 6676303055 | bioenergetics | the study of how cells obtain, store and release energy | 1 | |
| 6676324478 | what happens to energy when bonds are formed | energy is used | 2 | |
| 6676328108 | what happens to energy when bonds are broken | energy is released -but it takes energy to break the bonds | 3 | |
| 6676334115 | enzymes | -protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions to speed up chemical reactions -decrease the amount of energy the cell needs to expend | 4 | |
| 6676343003 | organic catalysts | -enzymes -they speed up the rate of a reaction without altering the reaction itself | 5 | |
| 6676350370 | do enzymes change during the reactions they catalyze | no | 6 | |
| 6676350371 | exergonic reactions | -energy is released -the products have more energy than the reactants | 7 | |
| 6676511077 | endergonic reaction | -require an input of energy -products have more energy than reactants | 8 | |
| 6676523871 | activation energy | -the energy barrier -the amount of energy required to get a reaction started |  | 9 |
| 6676535441 | do exergonic reactions require activation energy? | yes | 10 | |
| 6676766588 | what does it mean to catalyze a reaction | -to activatae a reaction and to lower the activation energy of a reaction, enabling the reaction to occur much faster than it would in the absence of a catalyst | 11 | |
| 6676776311 | enzyme specificity | -each enzyme only catalyzes one type of reaction -shape determines function -enzymes are named after the molecules they target | 12 | |
| 6676783673 | substrates | the molecules that are catalyzed by an enzyme | 13 | |
| 6676790119 | what does the suffix -ase mean | usually means enzyme | 14 | |
| 6676795757 | active site | the region on an enzyme where the substrates are brought together | 15 | |
| 6676798935 | enzyme-substrate complex | the structure formed by an enzyme and its substrates binded to the active site | 16 | |
| 6676809967 | what is the outcome of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction called | product | 17 | |
| 6676814824 | what happens to the enzyme when the substrate is released | it's ready for another substrate | 18 | |
| 6676823115 | are enzymes affected in any way by the reactions they catalyze | no | 19 | |
| 6676824997 | do enzymes change the reactions they catalyze | no | 20 | |
| 6676829940 | do enzymes make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all? | no -just speed them up | 21 | |
| 6676829941 | induced fit | -enzyme has to slightly change its shape to accommodate the shape of the substrates' -snug fit | 22 | |
| 6676856835 | coenzymes | factors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction -they accept electrons and pass them along to another substrate -ex. NAD+ and NADP+ | 23 | |
| 6677003958 | cofactors | inorganic elements that help catalyze reactions -usually metal ions (Fe 2+) | 24 | |
| 6677696506 | what is an important cofactor of hemoglobin | Fe 2+ because it is important for binding with oxygen in bloodstream | 25 | |
| 6677705212 | three factors that can affect enzyme reaction rates | -pH -temp -relative amounts of enzyme and substrate | 26 | |
| 6677714334 | why does an increase in temperature usually increase the rate of a reaction | becuase up to a point, an increase in temp increases the chance of collisions among molecules | 27 | |
| 6677720766 | what can happen if an enzyme is exposed to too much heat | the heat can damage the enzyme -the enzyme loses its 3d shape and becomes inactive | 28 | |
| 6677723250 | denature | -when an enzyme loses its shape and therefore its function | 29 | |
| 6677730531 | ideal temp | all enzymes operate at an ideal temperature | 30 | |
| 6677740429 | check the equation for Q10 on pg 135 | 31 | ||
| 6677743047 | what is the optimal pH for most enzymes | at or near 7 | 32 | |
| 6677746960 | what regulates the activity of enzymes | the cell can control enzymatic activity | 33 | |
| 6677749377 | how o cells regulate enzymatic activity | by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme | 34 | |
| 6677750951 | allosteric site | a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind -allosteric regulators can eithether inhibit or activate enzymes by binding to the allosteric site | 35 | |
| 6677753652 | two types of allosteric regulators | -allosteric inhibitor -allosteric activator | 36 | |
| 6677765822 | allosteric inhibitor | -binds to an allosteric site and keeps the enzyme in its inactive form | 37 | |
| 6677769137 | allosteric activator | binds to an enzyme and induces its active form | 38 | |
| 6677772438 | feedback inhibition | the formation of an endproduct inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence | 39 | |
| 6677778926 | how do allosteric enzymes relate to feedback inhibition | -when there is excess product, the allosteric inhibitor will inactivate the enzyme that produces that product | 40 | |
| 6677790190 | competitive inhiition | -when chemical substances that fit into the active site of an enzyme compete with the substrate and effectively inactivate the enzyme -structurally similar to the normal substrate | 41 | |
| 6678479746 | noncompetetive inhibition | -the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site OTHER than the active site and inactivates the enzyme by altering its shape -prevents the enzyme from binding witht he substrate at the active site | 42 | |
| 6678487774 | first law of thermodynamics (fundamental principle of energy) | energy cannot be created nor destroyed. sum of the energy in the universe is constant | 43 | |
| 6678490589 | second law of thermodynamics | states that energy transfer leads to less organization -the universe tends toward disorder | 44 | |
| 6678495058 | entropy | disorder | 45 | |
| 6678497520 | Gibbs Free energy | delta G= delta H- TdeltaS | 46 | |
| 6678502302 | enthalpy | the measure of energy in a thermodynamic system | 47 | |
| 6678504285 | favorable reaction | -spontaneous, and negative free energy | 48 | |
| 6678505246 | unfavorable reaction | nonspontaneous, positive free energy | 49 | |
| 6678508645 | what is the gibbs free energy equation used for | to figure out if the reactants of a reaction will stay as they are or be converted to products | 50 | |
| 6678513109 | spontaneous reactions | -occur without a net addition of energy -have a negative delta G -occur with energy to spare -exergonic | 51 | |
| 6678516927 | nonspontaneous reactions | -positive delta G -require energy to be added -endergonic | 52 | |
| 6678525362 | what is the source of energy in living things | ATP | 53 | |
| 6678525363 | ATP acronym | adenosine triphosphate | 54 | |
| 6678527398 | structure of ATP | -consists of a molecule of adenosine bonded to three phosphates -lots of energy packed into the third phosphate bond | 55 | |
| 6678532252 | How does a cell harvest energy from ATP when it needs energy | -it takes a molecule of ATP and splits off the third phosphate, forming adenosine diphosphate, and one loose phosphate, while releasing energy in the process | 56 | |
| 6678539456 | equation of breaking ATP | ATP --> ADP + Pi + energy | 57 | |
| 6678545036 | what are two ways that ATP is produced | 1. cellular respiration 2. photosynthesis | 58 | |
| 6678546137 | photosynthesis | -involves the transformation of solar energy inot chemical energy -plants take co2 h20, and energy (sunlight) and use them to produce glucose | 59 | |
| 6678550178 | overall reaction of photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 60 | |
| 6678555467 | cellular respiration | -performed by all organisms -ATP is produced through the breakdown of nutrients | 61 | |
| 6678559486 | equation of cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP | 62 | |
| 6678566144 | two different forms of cellular respiration | aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration | 63 | |
| 6678568470 | whats the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration | aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen isn't present | 64 | |
| 6678571646 | four stages of aerobic cellular respiration | 1. glycolysis 2. formation of acetyl CoA 3. the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle) 4. oxidative phosphorylation | 65 | |
| 6678575251 | whats another name for the krebs cycle | citric acid cycle | 66 | |
| 6678578789 | Glycolysis | -splitting glucose -glucose is a six-carbon sugar and it gets broken down into two 3-carbon molecule | 67 | |
| 6678581849 | what are the products of glycolysis | 2 pyruvic acids (3-carbon molecule) 2 NADH | 68 | |
| 6678585837 | how much NET atp is produced during glycolysis | net production of 2 atp | 69 | |
| 6678587747 | equation of glycolysis | glucose + 2ATP +2NAD+ --> 2 Pyruvic acid +4ATP + 2NADH | 70 | |
| 6678592281 | What coenzyme is used in cellular respiration | NADH and NAD+ | 71 | |
| 6678595316 | phosphorylated | means to attatch an inorganic phosphate from ATP, and it gives energy | 72 | |
| 6678597523 | does glycolysis happen in one step | -no -takes multiple reactions that are each catalyzed by a different enzyme -ATP is required to phosphorylate glucose -NADH is used to transfer electrons | 73 | |
| 6678628027 | how is NADH produced in glycolysis | -the transfer of H+ to the hydrogen carrier NAD+, which becomes NADH -NADH will be used later to make ATP | 74 | |
| 6678631420 | where does glycolysis occur | -in hte cytoplasm of hte cell | 75 | |
| 6678635000 | what are the cell's two options in cellular respiration after glycolysis is completed | -it can continue anaerobic cellular respiration -or it can switch to aerobic cellular respiration | 76 | |
| 6678637329 | is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic bc no oxygen required | 77 | |
| 6678653918 | membrane of the mitochondria | has a double membrane with intermembrane space | 78 | |
| 6678645350 | where does cellular respiration occur after glycolysis | in the mitochondria | 79 | |
| 6678646915 | mitochondria matrix | inner part of the inner membrane | 80 | |
| 6678650628 | inner mitochondrial membrane | the inside membrane of the mitochondria | 81 | |
| 6678656592 | cristae | the folds of the inner membrane | 82 | |
| 6681843794 | outer membranne | the outer membrane of the mitochondria | 83 | |
| 6681849848 | formation of acetyl CoA | When oxygen is present, pyruvic acid is transported to the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and CO2 is released | 84 | |
| 6681864033 | acetyl coenzyme A | a two carbon molecule that is produced form pyruvic acid | 85 | |
| 6681883948 | equation of the formation of acetyl coA | 2pyruvic acid + 2 Coenzyme A + 2NAD+ --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH | 86 | |
| 6681898993 | transformation of carbon molecules from glycolysis to formation of acetyl coA | -one 6-carbon molecule (glucose) - two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid) -two 3-carbon molecules + 2 CO2 | 87 | |
| 6681919951 | where do the two extra carbons from pyruvic acid go when acetyl coA is formed | they leave the cell in the form of CO2 | 88 | |
| 6681922564 | Krebs cycle | aka the citric acid cycle -each of the two acetyl coA molecules enter the Krebs cycle, one at a time, and all the carbons ultimately are converted to CO2 | 89 | |
| 6681929185 | where does the Krebs cycle occur | in the matrix of the mitochondria | 90 | |
| 6681953783 | first step of the Krebs cycle | -each molecule of acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form a 6-carbon molecule, citric acid | 91 | |
| 6681960735 | how is citric acid formed | -acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate | 92 | |
| 6681964075 | oxaloacetate | a four carbon molecule -combines with acetyl CoA to form citric acid at the beginning of the Krebs cycle -first molecule of the krebs cycle | 93 | |
| 6681993133 | after the formation of citric acid, how many carbons have to be lost to keep the cycle going | 2 carbons, because the cycle starts with oxaloacetate, a 4-carbon molecule, and citric acid is a 6-carbon molecule | 94 | |
| 6682013945 | how are carbons released during the citric acid cycle | as CO2 | 95 | |
| 6682018644 | what is produced at each turn of the citric acid cycle | - 1 ATP - 3 NADH - 1 FADH2 | 96 | |
| 6682028234 | how many cycles of the krebs cycle occur for each glucose molecule in cellular respiration | 2, becuase the krebs cycle starts with two acetyl coA molecules | 97 | |
| 6682041747 | How many total ATP are made during the krebs cycle from one glucose, how many ATP are made from one glucose by the Krebs cycle (aslo glycolysis) | - 2 during krebs cycle - 4 total in krebs + glycolysis | 98 | |
| 6682048337 | oxidative phosphorylation | -electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen, resulting in ATP synthesis | 99 | |
| 6682053133 | electron carriers | -NAD+ and FAD -they carry electrons from different stages of cellular respiration -also called hydrogen carriers | 100 | |
| 6682066395 | electron transport chain | -energy-rich electrons are taken from the hydrogen carriers to the electron transport chain via electron carriers -hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons | 101 | |
| 6682128532 | how many loaded electron carriers have been produced during krebs, formation of acetyl coA, and glycolysis | - 2 NADH from glycolysis - 2 NADH from production of acetyl CoA -6 NADH from the Krebs cycle -2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle =12 | 102 | |
| 6682152596 | what happens to the hydrogens and electrons from the electron carriers in the electron transport chain | -hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons | 103 | |
| 6682157551 | equation of splitting hydrogen atoms during electron transport chain | H2 --> 2H+ + 2e- | 104 | |
| 6682165502 | what is the electron transport chain made of | a series of protein carrier molecules that are embedded in the cristae and the the inner membrane of hte mitochondria | 105 | |
| 6682170731 | where does the electron transport chain occur | in the cristae and inner membrane of the mitochondria | 106 | |
| 6682174503 | cytochromes | -iron-containing carrier molecules in the electron transport chain | 107 | |
| 6682192657 | what happens to electrons as they travel down the electron transport chain | each carrier molecule hands down electrons to the next molecule in the chain, until the electrons meet the final electron acceptor | 108 | |
| 6682200949 | what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation | oxygen | 109 | |
| 6682204358 | what happens when oxygen combines with electrons from the electron transport chain | -oxygen , electorns, and some hydrogens combine to form WATER | 110 | |
| 6682213726 | what is the final product of the electron transport chain (before chemiosmosis) | water | 111 | |
| 6682215993 | chemiosmosis | happens at the same time that electrons go through the electron transport chain | 112 | |
| 6682239308 | what happens to the split Hydrogen ions that split from the electrons | -some of the energy from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space | 113 | |
| 6682247891 | pH gradient in chemiosmosis (aka) | -the pumpin of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space creates a pH gradient -aka proton gradient | 114 | |
| 6682268328 | where are the H+ ions when the split from the hydrogen atom | in the intermembrane space | 115 | |
| 6682272730 | where do H+ ions have to go TO to produce ATP | to the matrix, through the inner membrane | 116 | |
| 6682277153 | how is ATP produce by the proton pump | there is proton gradient, and the H+ molecules have to get from the low pH where there is a high H+ gradient in the intermembrane space to thte hight pH, where there is a low H+ concentration in the matrix -to do this, they have to pass through channels in the innermembrane called ATP synthase | 117 | |
| 6682289625 | ATP synthase | -motor channel proteins in the inner membrane that allow H+ ions to go from the intermembrane space to the matrix -ADP and Pi are in the matrix (other side from H+), and the flow of protons through ATP synthase produces ATP by combining ADP an dPi on the matrix side of the channel | 118 | |
| 6682305650 | what happens in oxidative phosphorylation | the production of ATP with ATP synthase and the H+ proton gradient | 119 | |
| 6682317375 | how many ATPs does each NADH yeild | -each NADH produces 3 ATP -except the NADH from glycolysis only makes 2 ATP | 120 | |
| 6682323636 | how many ATP does each FADH2 produce | 2 ATP | 121 | |
| 6682328179 | what is the total number of ATP produced during oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis | 32 | 122 | |
| 6682328180 | what is the overall net production of ATP during aerobic cellular respiration | 38 ATP | 123 | |
| 6682358187 | what happens if organisms dont have oxygen to do aerobic cellular respiration | they undergo anaerobic cellular resperation | 124 | |
| 6682364978 | why cant organisms undergo aerobic cellular respiration if there's no oxygen | because oxygen is required to be the final electron acceptor | 125 | |
| 6682371493 | how do anaerobic organisms get energy | -they can undergo glycolysis (make 2 ATP's) -but instead of doing the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation, they do fermenttion | 126 | |
| 6682401728 | fermentation | pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and co2 | 127 |
