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| 191919609 | ionic bond | bond resulting from a transfer of electrons (electrons being ripped off) | |
| 191919610 | covalent bond | bond resulting from the sharing of electrons | |
| 191919611 | nonpolar | electrons shared equally | |
| 191919612 | polar covalent bond | bond resulting from electrons shared unequally | |
| 191919613 | buffer | substance that resists changes in pH | |
| 191919614 | bicarbonate ion | most important buffer in human blood | |
| 191919615 | isomer | organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure | |
| 191919616 | monosaccharide | C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose | |
| 191919617 | disaccharide | two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose | |
| 191919618 | dehydration synthesis | condensation; joining compounds together with water released | |
| 191919619 | hydrolysis | breakdown of a compound by adding water | |
| 191919620 | polysaccharide | polymers of carbohydrates ("many" sugars) | |
| 191919621 | cellulose | structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls | |
| 191919622 | starch | storage polysaccharide found in plants | |
| 191919623 | amylose | simplest storage polysaccharide form of starch | |
| 191919624 | amylopectin | more complex storage polysaccharide form of starch | |
| 191919625 | chitin | structural polysaccharide found in animals; makes up the exoskeleton in arthropods | |
| 191919626 | glycogen | storage polysaccharide animal starch that in humans is stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle | |
| 191919627 | glycerol | alcohol portion of a lipid | |
| 191919628 | fatty acid | hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; attaches to glycerol | |
| 191919629 | saturated fat | fat without double bonds | |
| 191919630 | unsaturated fat | fat with double bonds | |
| 191919631 | steroid | lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone | |
| 191919632 | peptide bond | bond creating amino acid chains or polymers (bond between amino acids) | |
| 191919633 | conformation | protein's unique shape that determines its function | |
| 191919634 | primary structure | linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds | |
| 191919635 | secondary structure | protein formed with hydrogen bonds | |
| 191919636 | tertiary structure | 3D conformation formed; determines specificity, due to hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds | |
| 191919637 | quaternary structure | protein with more than one polypeptide chain | |
| 191919638 | alpha helix | secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin) | |
| 191919639 | beta pleated sheet | secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk | |
| 191919640 | heme group | one of four polypeptide chains in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin | |
| 191919641 | protein folding problem | how proteins form their unique shapes | |
| 191919642 | functional group | components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions | |
| 191919643 | metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell | |
| 191919644 | enzyme | catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation | |
| 191919645 | induced fit model | enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better | |
| 191919646 | cofactor | inorganic enzyme assist | |
| 191919647 | coenzyme | organic enzyme assist (vitamins) | |
| 191919648 | competitive inhibition | compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme | |
| 191919649 | noncompetitive inhibition | more than one active site and the substrates do not look like each other | |
| 191919650 | allosteric inhibition | two active sites, one for a substrate and one for an inhibitor | |
| 191919651 | feedback inhibition | metabolic pathway is switched off by the end product; allosteric inhibition | |
| 191919652 | cooperativity | substrate stimulating an enzyme with quaternary structure to be more effective | |
| 191919653 | cohesion | like molecules sticking together | |
| 191919654 | alkaline | synonym for basic | |
| 191919655 | salt | compound that releases ion other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water | |
| 191919656 | chemical equilibrium | when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction | |
| 191919657 | polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together | |
| 191919658 | monomer | building block for polymers; only made by producers | |
| 191919659 | adhesion | attraction between different kinds of molecules | |
| 191919660 | surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | |
| 191919661 | van der Waals interactions | tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations | |
| 191919662 | evaporative cooling | property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules | |
| 191919663 | hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion | |
| 191919664 | disulfide bridge | tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another | |
| 191919665 | hydrophobic interaction | tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water | |
| 191919666 | hydrocarbon | organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon | |
| 191919667 | macromolecule | giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules | |
| 191919668 | glycosodic linkage | covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction | |
| 191919669 | triose | three carbon sugar | |
| 191919670 | pentose | five carbon sugar | |
| 191919671 | hexose | six carbon sugar | |
| 191919672 | hydroxyl | hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar | |
| 191919673 | carboxyl | oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group | |
| 191919674 | amine | nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton | |
| 191919675 | phosphate | phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid | |
| 191919676 | isotope | atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons | |
| 191919677 | hydrogen bond | weak bond between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen or oxygen | |
| 191919678 | acid | more H+ than OH- ions, pH below 7 | |
| 191919679 | base | more OH- than H+ ions, pH above 7 | |
| 191919680 | pH | measure of H+ ions in a solution | |
| 191919681 | triglyceride | glycerol plus 3 fatty acids | |
| 191919682 | phospholipid | has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, major component of cell membrane | |
| 191919683 | LDL | low density lipoprotein, "bad cholesterol" | |
| 191919684 | HDL | high density lipoprotein, "good cholesterol" | |
| 191919685 | amino acid | contain carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2) and side chain R.... make up proteins | |
| 191919686 | chaperonin | a protein that assists in the proper folding of a polypeptide into a protein |
