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| 8541523740 | coagulation factors I and V | what are the coagulation factors released on platelet activation | 0 | |
| 8541523680 | erythropoietin - kidney | what regulates RBC production - where is it released from? | 1 | |
| 8541523681 | O2 levels | what is the most important regulator of RBC production? | 2 | |
| 8541523682 | low O2 | what level, high or low, of O2 stimulates RBC production through the action of erythropoietin | 3 | |
| 8541523683 | low blood volume, anemia, low Hb, poor blood flow, pulmonary disease, altitude | what are some things that decrease O2 levels, thus causing increased RBC production | 4 | |
| 8541523684 | increased RBC production | what is polycthemia | 5 | |
| 8541523685 | too little O2 in the air | what is physiologic polycythemia | 6 | |
| 8541523686 | mutation that doesn't stop RBC production when there is enough - therefore there are too many RBC made patients have reddened appearance of the skin | what is polycythemia vera | 7 | |
| 8541523687 | vitamin B12, folic acid, intrinsic factor (allows B12 to cross ileum) | what vitamins are necessary for RBC production | 8 | |
| 8541523688 | pernicious anemia -failure to absorb vitamin B12 from the GI tract | lack in intrinsic factor is called what? | 9 | |
| 8541523689 | stimulates release of oxygen (to the left) | how does 2,3-BPG shift the Hb curve? | 10 | |
| 8541523690 | spleen | where do RBC self-destruct? | 11 | |
| 8541523691 | defective synthesis of membrane cytoskeletal proteins and makes the RBC susceptible to mechanical stress - cells become spherical | what is spherocytosis | 12 | |
| 8541523692 | glucose | what does the RBC use as energy? | 13 | |
| 8541523693 | lactate dehydrogenase | what enzyme in the RBC converts pyruvate into lactate? | 14 | |
| 8541523694 | glycolysis | what is the only metabolic pathway in RBCs? | 15 | |
| 8541523695 | pentose phosphate pathway | G6PD is important in what offshoot pathway in the RBC? | 16 | |
| 8541523696 | methemoglobin | what is another name for Fe3+? | 17 | |
| 8541523697 | caused by ROS | what causes methemoglobin? | 18 | |
| 8541523698 | decreased O2 delivery | what is bad about methemoglobin | 19 | |
| 8541523699 | NADH | what is used to regenerate Fe2+ from Fe3+? | 20 | |
| 8541523700 | increases O2 delivery to tissues | what does the 2,3-BPG shunt do? | 21 | |
| 8541523701 | decreased ATP production -RBC ion transporters are affected and this causes hemolytic anemia -can be masked by effects of 2,3BPG | what happens in pyruvate kinase deficiency? | 22 | |
| 8541523702 | gain Ca, lose K, lose H2O | what changes in Ca, K, H2O in pyruvate kinase deficiency? | 23 | |
| 8541523703 | cannot protect membrane proteins against oxidation | what happens in G6PD deficiency? | 24 | |
| 8541523704 | RBC have shorter lifespan | what happens to RBC in G6PD deficiency? | 25 | |
| 8541523705 | more resistant to malaria | what is one "benefit" of G6PD deficiency? | 26 | |
| 8541523706 | iron | what ion is required for heme synthesis? | 27 | |
| 8541523707 | transferrin | what protein does iron bind with to be transported throughout the body? | 28 | |
| 8541523708 | ferritin | what is the name of the iron storage molecule in the liver? | 29 | |
| 8541523709 | complex of ferritin molecules | what is hemosiderin | 30 | |
| 8541523710 | microcytic and hypochromic anemia | what is the anemia in iron deficiency anemia? | 31 | |
| 8541523711 | iron deficiency anemia |  | 32 | |
| 8541523712 | bilirubin | the porphyrin part of Hb is converted into what? | 33 | |
| 8541523713 | high - patient often presents with jaundice | in hemolytic anemia, what are the bilirubin levels like? | 34 | |
| 8541523714 | hemolytic anemia |  | 35 | |
| 8541523715 | porphyrias | what are deficiencies of any enzyme in the heme synthesis pathway called? | 36 | |
| 8541523716 | gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase | what is the main regulatory enzyme of the heme synthesis pathway | 37 | |
| 8541523717 | heme (decreases enzyme activity) | gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase is regulated by what molecule? what change? | 38 | |
| 8541523718 | uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase | porphyria cutanea tarda is a deficiency in what enzyme? | 39 | |
| 8541523719 | scarring and increased facial hair growth | porphyria cutanea tarda has what s/s | 40 | |
| 8541523720 | gamma is swapped for beta | post-natal, what is the change in globulin chains? | 41 | |
| 8541523721 | large excess of 1 subunit of Hb | what are the thalassemias | 42 | |
| 8541523722 | beta chain deficiency | what is the most severe thalassemia? | 43 | |
| 8541523723 | heterozygous | what type of thalassemia is more resistant to malaria? | 44 | |
| 8541523724 | Glu6Val on β-globin | most common mutation causing sickle cell disease | 45 | |
| 8541523725 | more likely to aggregate in deoxygenated state | when are HbS (sickle cell anemia) most likely to aggregate? | 46 | |
| 8541523726 | heterozygous form | what form of sickle cell disease is more resistant to malaria? | 47 | |
| 8541523727 | increase EPO release | how does anemia increase RBC production | 48 | |
| 8541523728 | 5 days | how long does it take to see an increase in RBC/increase in hematocrit? | 49 | |
| 8541523729 | impaired Hb synthesis | microcytic, hypochromic anemia - cause? | 50 | |
| 8541523730 | red cell loss | normocytic, normochromic anemia - cause? | 51 | |
| 8541523731 | macrocytic, normochromic anemia (megaloblastic anemia) | what type of red cell morphology anemias do vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiencies cause? | 52 | |
| 8541523732 | O - bc have no antigens (cannot be attacked by host cell) | Which blood type is aka the "universal donor" and why? | 53 | |
| 8541523733 | AB - bc it doesn't produce Ab that attack incoming blood | Which could be called the "universal acceptor" and why? | 54 | |
| 8541523734 | A+ or O | What type(s) of blood can someone with A+ blood receive in a transfusion? | 55 | |
| 8541523735 | dad is Rh+ and mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+...but this happens after the moms first kid because mom created Rh factor bc of exposure to kid's Rh+ | erythroblastosis fetalis happens with what combination of Rh? | 56 | |
| 8541523736 | rhogam | what drug is used to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis? | 57 | |
| 8541523737 | Rh+ RBCs in fetus attacked by mother's antibodies | what happens in erythroblastosis fetalis? | 58 | |
| 8541523741 | promotes vasoconstriction | what does 5-OH tryptamine (serotonin) do when released on platelet activation | 59 | |
| 8541523742 | stimulates repair of damaged tissues | what does platelet-derived growth factor do? | 60 | |
| 8541523743 | aspirin | what inhibits the production of thromboxin A2 | 61 | |
| 8541523744 | plavix (clopidogrel) - blocks the effects of ADP | what is one name for an ADP receptor antagonist? | 62 | |
| 8541523745 | pleckstrin | what molecule, activated by PKC, causes aggregation and release of contents of platelet granules? | 63 | |
| 8541523746 | stimulation of the polyphosphoinositide pathway | how are prostacyclin, collagen, TxA2, thrombin, and ADP activated (in the platelet activation pathway)? | 64 | |
| 8541523747 | intrinsic pathway (contact factor) extrinsic factor (tissue factor) | what are the two pathways for clot formation | 65 | |
| 8541523748 | contact factor | what factor in the intrinsic clotting pathway | 66 | |
| 8541523749 | tissue factor | what factor in the extrinsic clotting pathway | 67 | |
| 8541523750 | -formation of prothrombin -prothrombin to thrombin (by factor X) -conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (by thrombin) -forms insoluble mesh -cross-linking of polymers | pathway of clot formation from prothrombin --> clot | 68 | |
| 8541523751 | glycoproteins - synthesized in the liver circulate in the plasma | what are clotting factors (type of molecule), where are they made, and where do they go? | 69 | |
| 8541523752 | Christmas factor | what is factor IX also called? | 70 | |
| 8541523753 | XII, XI, IX, VII, X, and prothrombin | what factors are serine proteases and are activated in a cascade | 71 | |
| 8541523754 | factors V, VIII, III | what factors are cofactors that bind to other factors? | 72 | |
| 8541523755 | cross-linking of fibrin monomers | what process forms the "hard" clot? | 73 | |
| 8541523756 | free (NOT fibrin bound) plasmin inactivates it | what does alpha-2 antiplasmin bind to? and what does it do? | 74 | |
| 8541523757 | plasmin | what degrades the clot? | 75 | |
| 8541523758 | tissue plasminogen activator (released from vascular endothelium) | what activates plasminogen (bound to fibrin in the clot) to create plasmin that eventually breaks down fibrin? | 76 | |
| 8541523759 | antithrombin III (MOST IMPORTANT) alpha-1 antiprotease alpha-2 macroglobulin | what are the three molecules that inactive thrombin that is NOT localized to the clot and prevent inappropriate clotting? | 77 | |
| 8541523760 | antithrombin III | what is the most important plasma inhibitor of thrombin (not localized to the clot) | 78 | |
| 8541523761 | heparin | what activates antithrombin III? | 79 | |
| 8541523762 | binds thrombin and activates protein C (makes thrombin change from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant at sites where clots shouldn't form) | what does thrombomodulin do? | 80 | |
| 8541523763 | activates antithrombin III to prevent inappropriate clotting | what does heparan sulphate do? | 81 | |
| 8541523764 | inhibits platelet activation | what does prostacyclin do? | 82 | |
| 8541523765 | becomes anticoagulant after binding thrombomodulin on the cell surface | after binding thrombomodulin, what happens to thrombin? | 83 | |
| 8541523766 | DVT | mutations in proteins C and S can cause what? | 84 | |
| 8541523767 | protein S | what is the cofactor for protein C? | 85 | |
| 8541523768 | V and VIII | when thrombin becomes an anticoagulant, what factors does it work on? to prevent clotting? | 86 | |
| 8541523769 | X Linked recessive | inheritance pattern of hemophilia A | 87 | |
| 8541523770 | deficiency of factor VIII (intrinsic pathway) | what is the deficiency in hemophilia A | 88 | |
| 8541523771 | spontaneous bleeding into joints and soft tissues | what happens in hemophilia A | 89 | |
| 8541523772 | replacement therapy of factor VIII | treatment of hemophilia A | 90 | |
| 8541523773 | x linked recessive | inheritance pattern of hemophilia B | 91 | |
| 8541523774 | deficiency of factor IX (intrinsic pathway) | what is the deficiency in hemophilia B | 92 | |
| 8541523775 | replacement therapy | treatment of hemophilia B | 93 | |
| 8541523776 | autosomal dominant | inheritance pattern of hemophilia C | 94 | |
| 8541523777 | deficiency in factor XI | deficiency in what for hemophilia C | 95 | |
| 8541523778 | autosomal dominant | von willebrand disease | 96 | |
| 8541523779 | deficiency of von willebrand factor | deficiency in what for von willebrand disease | 97 | |
| 8541523780 | reduced platelet recruitment and reduced delivery of factor VIII (which is stabilized by binding to vWF) | what happens in vWB disease? | 98 | |
| 8541523781 | desmopressin to promote vWF levels and replacement therapy of vWF and VIII | treatment of vWB disease | 99 | |
| 8541523782 | factor V | leiden mutation is a mutation in what factor? | 100 | |
| 8541523783 | caucasian european | population commonly affected with leiden mutation | 101 | |
| 8541523784 | factor V is resistant to inactivation by protein S/C complex which increases the risk of DVT | what does the mutation in leiden mutation cause? | 102 | |
| 8541523785 | -maintenance of plasma pressure -binding and transport of small molecules and ions -defense against infection -blood clotting -inhibition of proteolytic enzymes | functions of plasma proteins | 103 | |
| 8541523786 | albumin (most common), globulins (a1, a2, b, y), clotting factors | what are the classifications of plasma proteins | 104 | |
| 8541523787 | liver | where is albumin synthesized? | 105 | |
| 8541523788 | liver | where are alpha and beta globulins synthesized? | 106 | |
| 8541523789 | liver | where are clotting factors synthesized? | 107 | |
| 8541523790 | plasma cells | where are gamma globulins synthesized? | 108 | |
| 8541523791 | albumin | what is the major protein in human plasma | 109 | |
| 8541523792 | albumin | what is responsible for the osmotic pressure of plasma | 110 | |
| 8541523793 | decreases | the serum albumin level __________ in edema | 111 | |
| 8541523794 | albumin | what plasma protein is important when considering drug dosing? | 112 | |
| 8541523795 | transports retinol and thyroxine (T4) - important because retinol is small enough for excretion so this saves it from excretion another name - prealbumin | what does transthyretin transport? and what is another name for it? | 113 | |
| 8541523796 | inhibits serum proteases and protects degeneration of alveolar tissue | alpha-1-antitrypsin does what? | 114 | |
| 8541523797 | emphysema | deficiency of A1AT causes what? | 115 | |
| 8541523798 | fetal liver - small amounts in adult blood | where is alpha-fetoprotein made? | 116 | |
| 8541523799 | hepatocellular carcinoma and testicular teratoma | alpha-fetoprotein increases in what two diseases? | 117 | |
| 8541523800 | fetal body wall defects | alpha-FP is used as a marker for what? | 118 | |
| 8541523801 | protease inhibitor, transports Zn2+, binds cytokines | what does alpha-2-macroglobulin do? | 119 | |
| 8541523802 | haptoglobin | what is the major component of alpha-2 globulin fraction? | 120 | |
| 8541523803 | haptoglobin | what binds hemoglobin released during hemolysis | 121 | |
| 8541523804 | haptoglobin | what prevents loss of free hemoglobin into the kidney and conserves iron | 122 | |
| 8541523805 | hemolytic anemia | haptoglobin levels are depleted in what disease? | 123 | |
| 8541523806 | binds heme and hematin and conserves iron beta 1-globulin | what does hemopexin do? and what is it? | 124 | |
| 8541523807 | HB released from RBC Hb divides into dimers and the dimers are picked up by haptoglobin OR the dimers break down even further and they are bound to hemopexin | how do haptoglobin and hemopexin conserve iron? | 125 | |
| 8541523808 | transports iron in plasma | what does transferrin do? | 126 | |
| 8541523809 | total iron binding capcity | plasma transferrin concentration is measured by what? | 127 | |
| 8541523810 | ferritin appears in plasma | when there is excess iron, what do you see? | 128 | |
| 8541523811 | Hb and Mb | where is most iron in the body found? | 129 | |
| 8541523812 | autosomal recessive | inheritance pattern of hemochromatosis | 130 | |
| 8541523813 | defective HFE gene on chromosome 6 | what and where is the defect in primary hemochromatosis | 131 | |
| 8541523814 | -binds transferrin receptor and decreases its affinity for transferrin -upregulates the expression of hepcidin (a peptide that down-regulates iron release and inhibits iron absorption) | what does the HFE protein NORMALLY do? | 132 | |
| 8541523815 | bronze diabetes or the celtic curse | other names for hemochromatosis | 133 | |
| 8541523816 | --high blood iron levels because there is loss of regulation of absorption of iron in the small intestine --HFE gene (think High, FE (iron) levels) | what is the major problem seen in hemochromatosis - how can you remember the gene | 134 | |
| 8541523817 | binds plasma copper | what does ceruloplasmin do? | 135 | |
| 8541523818 | mutation in gene encoding hepatic Cu-binding ATPase so there is defective excretion of copper into the bile with accumulation of copper in liver, brain, and kindney | what is wilson's disease | 136 | |
| 8541523819 | penicillamine | treatment of wilson's disease | 137 | |
| 8541523820 | xlinked recessive defect in Cu binding ATP ase causes fatality in childhood | what is menkes disease | 138 | |
| 8541523821 | wilson disease | kaiser-fleischer ring in what disease? | 139 | |
| 8541523822 | increase in gamma globulin band | what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in chronic conditions | 140 | |
| 8541523823 | increased alpha 1, 2, and beta 2 bands | what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in inflammation or after trauma | 141 | |
| 8541523824 | gamma globulin band | what change in electrophoresis of plasma proteins in monoclonal gammopathy (like multiple myeloma) | 142 |
