Terms : Hide Images
| 6226708027 | Gherlin | Hormone responsible for hunger | 0 | |
| 6226712640 | Leptin | Secreted by adipose tissue, increasing sensitivity to satiety signals | 1 | |
| 6226719281 | Insulin | Secreted by pacreatic tissue, increasing sensitivity to satiety signals | 2 | |
| 6226725902 | Cholecystokinin | Short-term satiety signal, ensuring that we eat a meal quickly | 3 | |
| 6226728153 | Amount of leptin | Depends on the amount of subcutaneous body fat | 4 | |
| 6226729534 | More insulin release | Takes place if more visceral fat present | 5 | |
| 6226733694 | Neuropeptide Y | A neuropeptide that is released both in the gut and by neurons, particularly those in the arcuate nucleus; its release is associated with hunger | 6 | |
| 6226735705 | Pro-opiomelanocortin | Makes people less hungry | 7 | |
| 6226739925 | Sweet | Innately preferred taste from carbohydrate detection | 8 | |
| 6226741195 | Salt | Variably preferred taste from sodium detection | 9 | |
| 6226741855 | Umami | Palatability-enhanced taste from amino acid detection | 10 | |
| 6226743001 | Sourness | Innately aversive taste from acid detection | 11 | |
| 6226744146 | Bitterness | Innately aversive taste from toxic compound detection | 12 | |
| 6226745800 | Fat | Affects texture, enhances palatability and sensation of sweetness | 13 | |
| 6228285708 | Brain | Normally uses glucose as metabolic fuel (during starvation can use ketone bodies too) | 14 | |
| 6228287169 | Skeletal muscle | When glucose is plentiful, stores glycogen for own use | 15 | |
| 6228289392 | Liver | When glucose is plentiful, makes glycogen and fat. Releases fuel during fasting and exercise | 16 | |
| 6228291443 | Adipose tissue | When fat is plentiful, stores fat. Releases fat during fasting and exercise | 17 | |
| 6228483296 | Adenosine triphosphate | Temporary store of energy, used by numerous enzymes to drive unfavourable processes | 18 | |
| 6228484904 | Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide | Enzyme bound hydrogen acceptor, commonly bound to enzymes that catalyse redox reactions | 19 | |
| 6228489704 | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide | Soluble hydrogen acceptor, a common substrate in catabolic redox reactions | 20 | |
| 6228492800 | Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate | Soluble hydrogen acceptor, a common substrate in biosynthetic redox reactions | 21 | |
| 6228494538 | Coenzyme A | Forms a thirster with fatty acids. Prevents fatty acids from harming cell, but also enhances reactivity in fatty acid metabolism | 22 | |
| 6228554082 | Glycaemic index | Measure of the effect on blood glucose of ingestion of standard amount of carbohydrate, compared with the same amount of glucose | 23 | |
| 6228563733 | Unprocessed food | Has a low glycemic index | 24 | |
| 6228564469 | Processed food | Has a high glycemic index | 25 | |
| 6228569732 | Decrease in C-reactive protein | Effect of low glycemic index | 26 | |
| 6228571209 | Decrease in glycation of proteins | Effect of low glycemic index | 27 | |
| 6228572853 | Reduced LDL and higher HDL | Effect of low glycemic index | 28 | |
| 6228574402 | Decreased food intake in subsequent meal | Effect of low glycemic index | 29 | |
| 6228666961 | Hyperinsulinaemia | Insulin resistance | 30 | |
| 6228679943 | Hexokinase | Converts glucose to glucose 6-P, using 1 ATP. Inhibited by accumulation of glucose 6-P | 31 | |
| 6228682582 | Phosphofructokinase | Converts fructose 6-P to fructose 1,6-bisP, using 1 ATP. | 32 | |
| 6228687638 | Glyceraldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase | Converts Glyceraldehyde 3-P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, using 1 NAD | 33 | |
| 6228691852 | Pyruvate kinase | Converts phosphoenolpyruvate, making 1 ATP | 34 | |
| 6245118136 | Complex I especially, plus other parts of ETC | Significant source of ROS | 35 | |
| 6245126508 | Oxidative stress | When production of ROS exceeds removal | 36 | |
| 6245179888 | Non-shivering thermogenesis | An increase in heat production that is not due to skeletal muscle contraction | 37 | |
| 6245186971 | Thermogenin | Proton channel highly expressed in brown adipose tissue | 38 | |
| 6245247940 | Mitochondrial diseases | Heterogenous group of disorders that affect oxidative phosphorylation | 39 | |
| 6245255776 | Mitochondrial diseases | Caused by mutations in ETC, transport of ATP, synthesis of ubiquinone, PDH, mitochondrial translation | 40 | |
| 6245286401 | Heteroplasmy | Present in mitochondrial diseases | 41 | |
| 6245290700 | Maternal inheritance only | Present in mitochondrial diseases | 42 | |
| 6245294572 | MELAS syndrome | Example of mitochondrial disease | 43 | |
| 6277263762 | NADPH from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway | Reducing power for biosynthetic reactions | 44 | |
| 6277267831 | Ribulose 5-phosphate from the pentose phosphate pathway | Used for DNA, RNA and coenzyme synthesis | 45 | |
| 6277276805 | NADPH from glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway | Prevents attack of catalase by hydrogen peroxide, thus preventing oxidative stress | 46 | |
| 6277299691 | Glycogenolysis | Takes place in the liver, primarily during fasting and for long-term exercise | 47 | |
| 6277350101 | Gluconeogenesis | Takes place in long-term fasting state, and declines very slowly in fed state. Also used in amino acid catabolism | 48 | |
| 6277543324 | Lack of glucose-6-phosphate- severe disease | Trapped G6P feeds into glycogenesis and fat synthesis and glycolysis leading to hyperlactacidaemia, liver becomes enlarged | 49 | |
| 6277551900 | Muscle phosphorylase deficiency- range of severity | Cannot metabolise muscle glycogen, resulting in muscle weakness and poor tolerance of exercise. | 50 | |
| 6277563419 | Regular moderate exercise with short warm-up | Improves exercise capacity for those with muscle phosphorylase deficiency | 51 | |
| 6277567572 | Liver phosphorylase deficiency | Cannot mobilise liver glycogen, liver becomes enlarged, mild hypoglycaemia | 52 | |
| 6277590350 | Pancreatic lipase | Hydrolyses first and last bonds between fatty acid and glycerol in triacylglycerol | 53 | |
| 6277599509 | Gastric lipase | Hydrolyses the last bond between fatty acid and glycerol in triacylglycerol | 54 | |
| 6277721615 | Diffusion | How the micelles formed enter enterocytes | 55 | |
| 6277730818 | Recombination into triacylglycerol | Attachment to coenzyme A and reaction with diacylglycerol acyltransferase and monoacylglycerol acyltransferase | 56 | |
| 6277777006 | Chylomicron | Made in enterocyte, too big to enter capillaries | 57 | |
| 6277785602 | Thoracic duct | Path which chylomicrons use to enter the blood | 58 | |
| 6277812933 | Lipoprotein lipase | Causes release of fatty acids from lipoproteins for tissues to take in | 59 | |
| 6277820588 | CPT I | Causes formation of fatty-acid carnitine from fatty acid CoA which can then the mitochondria | 60 | |
| 6277944114 | Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase | Converts fatty acyl CoA to Enoyl CoA, making FADH2 | 61 | |
| 6277972492 | Enoyl CoA hydratase | Converts enoyl CoA to Hydroxy-acyl CoA | 62 | |
| 6277977645 | Hydroxy-acyl CoA dehydrogenase | Converts hydroxy-acyl CoA to keto-acyl CoA, making NADH | 63 | |
| 6277980118 | Thiolase | Cleaves keto-acyl CoA to Fatty acyl CoA and another product (process called thiolysis) | 64 | |
| 6278063356 | MCAD deficiency | Beta-oxidation defect, detected by accumulation of medium-chain-acyl-carnitines in the plasma and urine | 65 | |
| 6278091263 | Following a low-fat diet and carnitine supplements | Treatment for MCAD deficiency | 66 | |
| 6278132727 | Brain development, subcutaneous fat and lung surfactant | Fatty acid functions in fetuses | 67 | |
| 6278203193 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase | Converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA | 68 | |
| 6278242462 | Malonyl CoA decarboxylase | Converts acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA | 69 | |
| 6278247450 | Malonyl CoA | Inhibits CPT I, thus controlling fatty acid oxidation | 70 | |
| 6278255095 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Where modifications of fatty acids occur | 71 | |
| 6278264310 | Modifying the saturation by adding or removing double bonds | Modification type of fatty acids | 72 | |
| 6278312771 | Altering the length | Modification type of fatty acids | 73 | |
| 6278341594 | Perilipin | Prevents hormone-sensitive lipase from acting when in fed state | 74 | |
| 6278348539 | Phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase | Takes place during fasting or exercise, allowing the hormone to act | 75 | |
| 6278357189 | GLUT 5 receptor | Transports fructose, absent in pancreas | 76 | |
| 6278363971 | Fructose | Interacts with weight homeostasis mechanisms differently, allowing higher calorie intake before appetite is suppressed | 77 | |
| 6278372074 | Increased circulating TAG | Associated with high fructose meals | 78 | |
| 6278378521 | Decrease in plasma leptin and insulin concentration | Associated with high fructose meals | 79 | |
| 6278379930 | No suppression of ghrelin | Associated with high fructose meals | 80 | |
| 6285269347 | Beta-oxidation of fatty acids | Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle | 81 | |
| 6285274119 | Ketogenic amino acids | Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle | 82 | |
| 6285275910 | Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate | Source of acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle | 83 | |
| 6285343113 | Citrate synthase | Converts oxaloactetate to citrate, affected by ADP:ATP ratio, NADH levels, product and substrate concentrations | 84 | |
| 6285358093 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase | Oxidative decarboxylase, affected by ADP:ATP and NAD:NADH ratios, and increased activity during exercise | 85 | |
| 6285369648 | Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase | Oxidative carboxylase, affected by NAD:NADH ratio, product inhibition and Ca2+ in muscle activates it. Forms succinyl CoA | 86 | |
| 6285378760 | Succinate dehydrogenase | AKA Complex II that accepts electrons from succinate, and passes onto coenzyme Q in ETC | 87 | |
| 6285388110 | Pyruvate-oxaloacetate | Anaplerotic reaction, useful when pyruvate is building up as acetyl CoA not metabolised quick enough | 88 | |
| 6285397958 | Aspartate aminotransferase and glutamic dehydrogenase | Enzymes used in anaplerotic reactions, when using amino acids as a fuel and when converting amino acid carbon skeletons into glucose | 89 | |
| 6313775193 | At the beginning or just after branch points | Where regulatory enzymes are commonly found in a pathway | 90 | |
| 6313822969 | Hydroxyl of serine, threonine and tyrosine residues | Where phosphorylation is most common | 91 | |
| 6313831511 | Allosteric activators | Stabilise the relaxed state | 92 | |
| 6313833241 | Allosteric inhibitors | Stabilise the tense state | 93 | |
| 6313835759 | T state | Tense, does not bind substrate well | 94 | |
| 6313839003 | R state | Relaxed, binds to substrate easily, a more effect catalyst | 95 | |
| 6313847947 | Oligomers | Many allosteric proteins are these, where the R state is stabilised | 96 | |
| 6313861034 | Conserved metabolites | Metabolites may be altered in one process and regenerated in another, making total concentration unaltered | 97 | |
| 6313919058 | Nausea, lethargy, coma and then death | If ammonia concentration exceeds 50micromolar | 98 | |
| 6313926112 | Depletion of alpha-KG, or accumulation of Glu/Gln neurotransmitters | Mechanism by which ammonia is damaging | 99 | |
| 6313947073 | Glutaminase | Converts glutamine to ammonia | 100 | |
| 6313950705 | Amino-transferase | Converts amino acids into glutamate | 101 | |
| 6313954537 | Glutamate dehydrogenase | Converts glutamate to ammonia | 102 | |
| 6313959310 | Aspartate aminotransferase | Converts glutamate to aspartate | 103 | |
| 6313962766 | Urea | Both aspartate and ammonia are converted to this | 104 | |
| 6313972012 | Periportal hepatocytes | Carry out urea production | 105 | |
| 6313988957 | NADH | Needed for gluconeogenesis, through reverse of 3-P dehydrogenase reaction | 106 | |
| 6313995200 | Fumarate | Produced in cytosol in urea cycle, gets converted to oxaloacetate | 107 | |
| 6314001975 | Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase | Produces NADH | 108 | |
| 6314016591 | Carboamoyl- P Synthetase | Forms carbamoyl-phosphate, which is essential for urea cycle | 109 | |
| 6314024042 | N-acetyl glutamate | Activates Carboamoyl- P Synthetase | 110 | |
| 6314032385 | Arginine | Allosterically activates N-acetylglutamate synthetase | 111 | |
| 6314036816 | Increase in [Glu] | Increases N-acetylglutamate synthetase activity | 112 | |
| 6314064157 | Glucagon, adrenaline and glucocorticoids | Main hormones involved in stimulating transcription of urea cycle enzymes | 113 | |
| 6314087177 | Affected infants typically die shortly after birth if not immediately diagnosed and treated | Effect of genetic mutation of urea cycle | 114 | |
| 6314099745 | Change in Km | Non-severe enzyme defect of urea cycle | 115 | |
| 6314105831 | Waste nitrogen accumulating in another excretable product | Non-severe enzyme defect of urea cycle | 116 | |
| 6314113808 | Hyperammonemia (High ammonia levels in blood) | Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders | 117 | |
| 6314117188 | Vomiting | Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders | 118 | |
| 6314122509 | Lethargy | Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders | 119 | |
| 6314125905 | Mental retardation | Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders | 120 | |
| 6314127617 | Eventual coma and death | Symptom of urea cycle genetic disorders | 121 | |
| 6314171604 | Decrease protein intake | Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects, by avoiding catabolic states | 122 | |
| 6314179753 | Provision of alternate routes for nitrogen excretion | Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects | 123 | |
| 6314197372 | Supplements of N-compounds as necessary | Treatment for urea cycle genetic defects, due to altered metabolism | 124 | |
| 6314253538 | Phenylacetate to phenylacetyl- glutamine | Alternative route for nitrogen excretion | 125 | |
| 6314256532 | Benzoate to hippurate | Alternative route for nitrogen excretion | 126 |
