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| 4174495090 | Lipids | Water-insoluble substances | 0 | |
| 4174495641 | Lipids classifications | Fats (triglycerides), complex, steroids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes | 1 | |
| 4174496421 | Fats consist of | Fatty acids in glycerol | 2 | |
| 4174496618 | Saturated fatty acids | Single bond hydrocarbon chains | 3 | |
| 4174497450 | Unsaturated fatty acids | More than one double bond all in the cis configuration | 4 | |
| 4174498460 | What is the alkali salts of fatty acids called? | Soaps | 5 | |
| 4174499205 | T/F - solid fats are saturated fatty acids and oils are unsaturated | True | 6 | |
| 4174499206 | Complex lipid classifications | Phospholipids: alcohol (glycerol or spingosine), fatty acid, nitrogen containing phospate Glycolipids: spingosine, fatty acid and carbohydrate | 7 | |
| 4174501057 | Glycerophospolipids | Complex lipids - glycerol with two esterified fatty acids and an alcohol group esterified to nitrogen-containing phosphate | 8 | |
| 4174502463 | Spingolipids | Complex - long chain alcohol sphingosine esterified to a fatty acid. Nitrogen-containing esters are bonded to spingosine moiety. | 9 | |
| 4174502793 | Glycolipids | Complex - ceramide portion and carbohydrate portion | 10 | |
| 4174503455 | Steroids | Fused four-ring nucleus | 11 | |
| 4174504227 | What is the most common steroid? | Cholesterol | 12 | |
| 4174505012 | Cholesterol functions | starting material for the synthesis of other steroids such as bile salts and sex/other hormones. Integral part of membranes. | 13 | |
| 4174506916 | Types of Cholsterol | LDL, HDL, VHDL, Chylomicrons | 14 | |
| 4174507538 | HDL | 33% protein/30% cholesterol transports from tissues to liver | 15 | |
| 4174507963 | LDL | 25% protein/50% cholesterol Transports from liver to tissues | 16 | |
| 4174508506 | VLDL | triglycerides synthesized by liver Transports for storage in fat/takes out of storage | 17 | |
| 4174509311 | Chylomicrons | Dietary lipids synthesized in intestines circulate for use or storage | 18 | |
| 4174510902 | Lipid classification by functions | Storage of energy in fat cells, form part of membrane, chemical messengers | 19 | |
| 4174512712 | Adjacent to renal | "adrenal" | 20 | |
| 4174513086 | Funtions of Mineralcorticoids | regulate concentration of ions (Na, K) | 21 | |
| 4174513662 | Functions of glucocorticoids | Control carbohydrate metabolism, decrease inflammation, involved in stress reaction | 22 | |
| 4174513987 | Cortex of gland | "corticoid" | 23 | |
| 4174514174 | Functions of aldosterone | main mineralcorticoid. Increased secretion enhances reabsorption of Na and Cl in kidney tubules & increases loss of K. Controls tissue swelling | 24 | |
| 4174515606 | Cortisol | Main glucocorticoid - increase glucose and glycogen concentrations | 25 | |
| 4174516046 | Adrenocorticoid Hormones | Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids | 26 | |
| 4174516771 | Precursor of adrenocorticoid hormones | Progesterone | 27 | |
| 4174516951 | Oxidation product of cholesterol | Progesterone and Bile salts | 28 | |
| 4174517805 | Testosterone | Promotes normal growth of male genitals, synthesized in testes | 29 | |
| 4174518491 | Estradiol | Synthesized from testosterone - regulates menstruation cycle | 30 | |
| 4174519009 | Luteinizing Hormone | LH - triggers ovulation | 31 | |
| 4174519596 | Derivatives from arachidonic acid | Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes - mediate hormone action, lower or raise blood pressure, cause inflammation and blood clotting, induce labor. | 32 | |
| 4174522875 | saponification of triglycerides | hydrolysis of fats and oils in aqueous NaOH and produces glycerol and a mixture of fatty acid salts called soaps | 33 | |
| 4174524083 | Triglyceride | Triester of glycerol with three fatty acids - all three hydroxy groups esterified with fatty acids | 34 | |
| 4174524777 | Physical properties of triglycerides | Depend on fatty acid components | 35 | |
| 4174526561 | Phospholipids | Alcohol, two fatty acids, phosphate ester | 36 | |
| 4174528355 | Cholesterol tranport | Starts out as VLDL - carried in the serum - fat is removed and density increases = LDL - LDL carries to cells and bind to receptors - taken in to cells where enzymes liberate free cholesterol and cholesterol esters | 37 | |
| 4174529968 | How long does LDL stay in plasma | 2.5 days | 38 | |
| 4174532000 | Bile salts are synthesized in the ____ and stored in the ____ and secreted in the ____ | Liver, gallbladder, intestine | 39 | |
| 4174532864 | COX-1 enzyme catalyzes | normal physiological production of prostaglandins | 40 | |
| 4174533841 | COX-2 enzyme catalyzes | Prostaglandins in inflammation | 41 | |
| 4174534270 | Thromboxane A2 induces | Platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction | 42 | |
| 4174534710 | ____ inhibit COX enzyme | Aspirin, NSDAIDS | 43 | |
| 4174736216 | Proteins | amino acids linked by peptide bonds | 44 | |
| 4174736632 | Functions on proteins | Structural, enzymatic, carrier, storage, protective, hormonal | 45 | |
| 4174736996 | Amino acids | contain amino and carboxyl group | 46 | |
| 4174737261 | How are amino acids classified | Side chains - non polar, polar but neutral, acidic, base | 47 | |
| 4174737736 | T/F All amino acids in human tissues are L-amino acids | True | 48 | |
| 4174738224 | Zwitterions | Amino acids in the solid and aqueous state carrying both positive and negative charges | 49 | |
| 4174738838 | Isoelectric point | pH at which the number of postive charges equals the negative charges | 50 | |
| 4174740022 | Characteristics of amino acids | Determined by R chain | 51 | |
| 4174741617 | Primary structure of a protein | Linear sequence of amino acids | 52 | |
| 4174741848 | Secondary strucure of a protein | Repeating short-range conformations (a-helix, b-pleated sheet, extended helix of collagen, random coil) | 53 | |
| 4174743407 | Tertiary structure of a protein | three-dimensional conformation | 54 | |
| 4174743818 | How are tertiary protein structures maintained | Covalent crosslinks (disulfide bonds, salt bridges hydrogen bonds, metal-ion coordination, hydrophobic interactions) between side chains | 55 | |
| 4174744858 | Quaternary structure of protein | 2+ tertiary polypeptides combining to form a full protein | 56 | |
| 4174747441 | Protein denaturation | Agent leaving only the primary structure | 57 | |
| 4273067332 | Enzymes | Macromolecules that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Most are very specific - catalyze only one reaction. | 58 | |
| 4273071218 | Substrate | Compound whose reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme | 59 | |
| 4273073801 | What are enzymes | Most are globuler proteins, although some are made of RNA | 60 | |
| 4273076609 | Enzyme classification | Oxidoreductases: Oxidation-reduction reactions. Transferases: Group transfer reactions. Hydrolases: Hydrolysis reactions. Lyases: Addition of two groups to a double bond, or removal of two groups to create a double bond. Isomerases: Isomerization reactions. Ligases: The joining to two molecules. | 61 | |
| 4273087979 | Enzyme nomenclature | "Ase" | 62 | |
| 4273092144 | Apoenzyme | Polypeptide chain | 63 | |
| 4273092145 | Cofactors | nonprotein | 64 | |
| 4273093531 | Coenzymes | organic compounds | 65 | |
| 4273095817 | Active site | Part of enzyme that participoates in catalysis of reaction. Cofactors are part of this | 66 | |
| 4273100227 | Inhibitors | Compounds that slow enzyme action | 67 | |
| 4273102510 | Competitive inhibitor | Attaches self to the active site | 68 | |
| 4273102547 | Noncompetitive inhibitor | Binds to other part of enzyme surface | 69 | |
| 4273107179 | Factos influencing enzyme activity | High enzyme and substrate concentrations = higher enzyme activity Each enzyme has optimal temperature and pH at which it has it's greatest activity | 70 | |
| 4273120163 | Mechanisms of enzyme action | Lock-and-key model and induced-fit model Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a biochemical reaction to occur | 71 | |
| 4273125029 | Regulation of enzymes | Feedback - concentration influences the rate of reaction Proenzymes or zymogens must be activated by removing a portion of the polypeptide chain Allosterism - interaction takes place at a position other than the active site but affects the site either positively or negatively Protein modification - activate or inhibit enzymes Isozymes - regulate enzyme activity | 72 | |
| 4273147801 | Difference between enzyme and catalyst | Enzyme: biological catalyst - either a protein or RNA molecule Catalyst: any substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction and is not itself changed | 73 | |
| 4273152794 | 74 |
