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| 8976385734 | What is biochemistry? | The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical process and substances which occur within living organisms | 0 | |
| 8976385735 | Most are important macromolecules | Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Polysaccharides | 1 | |
| 8976385736 | Primary Structures of Nucleic Acids | Organic Nitrogenous Base, Pentose Sugar and Phosphate Group | 2 | |
| 8976385737 | Organic Nitrogenous Base | Derivation of Purine and Pyrimide | 3 | |
| 8976385738 | Purine | Adenine and Guanine | 4 | |
| 8976385739 | Pentose Sugar | Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA) | 5 | |
| 8976385740 | Phosphodiester Bond + Ester Bonds (Phosphorous) | Nucleosides= Nitrogenous bases with a ribose Nucleotides= Nitrogenous bases w/ a ribose and a phosphate | 6 | |
| 8976385741 | Genotype | The genetic constitution of an individual organism | 7 | |
| 8976385742 | Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. | 8 | |
| 8976385743 | Amino Acids | Organic Compound containing -COOH and a amino (-NH2) group End product of a protein | 9 | |
| 8976385744 | Number of Standard Amino Acids | 20 | 10 | |
| 8976385745 | Non-Polar, Aliphatic residues | Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline | 11 | |
| 8976385746 | Aromatic Residues | Phenylanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan | 12 | |
| 8976385747 | Polar, Non-Charged Residues | Serine, Theonine, Cysteine, Methionine, Asparagine, Glutamine | 13 | |
| 8976385748 | Negatively Charged Residues | Asparate, Glutamate | 14 | |
| 8976385749 | Positively Charged Residues | Lysine, Arginine, Histidine | 15 | |
| 8976385750 | Function of Nucleic Acids | Storage and Transmission of Biological Info | 16 | |
| 8976385751 | Pyramide | Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil | 17 | |
| 8976385752 | Phosphodiester Bond | Strong Covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrate (Pentose sugar) The backbone of DNA strands | 18 | |
| 8976385753 | Secondary Structure | Set of interactions between bases | 19 | |
| 8976385754 | Watson-Crick Model Base pairs | A-T G-C | 20 | |
| 8976385755 | A-T pair (Watson-Crick Model) | 2 Hydrogen Bonds | 21 | |
| 8976385756 | G-C pair (Watson-Crick Model) | 3 Hydrogen Bonds | 22 | |
| 8976385757 | What does Secondary Structure do? | Responsible for the shape that nucleic acid assumes | 23 | |
| 8976385758 | Possible Models of Replication | Conservative Semi-Conservative Dispersive | 24 | |
| 8976385759 | Conservative Model of Replication |  | 25 | |
| 8976385760 | Semi-Conservative Model of Replication |  | 26 | |
| 8976385761 | Dispersive Model of Replication |  | 27 | |
| 8976385762 | Two major forms of polynucleotides | A and B | 28 | |
| 8976385763 | Which form is DNA in? | B form | 29 | |
| 8976385764 | Alpha Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n)) | 33 Degrees | 30 | |
| 8976385765 | Beta Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n)) | 36 Degrees | 31 | |
| 8976385766 | Tertiary Structure | The three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer. | 32 | |
| 8976385767 | Characteristic of Tertiary Structure | Linear vs. Circular Relaxed vs. Supercoiled | 33 | |
| 8976385768 | Conformation of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid | Random Coil Stacked Base Structure Hairpin Formation | 34 | |
| 8976385769 | Random Coil | Single Strand Flexibility of rotation No specific structure | 35 | |
| 8976385770 | Stacked base structure (Single-Strand Helix) | Single strand Bases stacks pull the chain into the helix NO H-Bonding | 36 | |
| 8976385771 | Hairpin Formation (Double-Strand Helix) | Double Stranded Chain folds back on itself to make stem loop structure Hydrogen bonds link the strands together | 37 | |
| 8976385772 | Histones | Proteins found in the nuclei which package the DNA into units called NUCLEOSOMES. They are the chief component of chromatin | 38 | |
| 8976385773 | Role of Histones | Acts as a poole which words the DNA and regulates the genes. W/o it the the DNA would unwound and be extremely long | 39 | |
| 8976385774 | Solenoids | Structure of chromatin | 40 | |
| 8976385775 | Chromosomes | Structures located inside the nucleus. Made up of protein and a single DNA | 41 | |
| 8976385776 | α-Amino acid | A molecule containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that are separated by one carbon | 42 | |
| 8976385777 | Zwitterion | a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups. | 43 | |
| 8976385778 | Amphiphilic | having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. | 44 | |
| 8976385779 | L-Amino Acids | amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome | 45 | |
| 8976385780 | D-Amino Acids | proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum | 46 | |
| 8976385781 | Quaternary Structure | Complex of protein Molecules | 47 | |
| 8976385782 | Stereoisomers | isomers that differ only in how their atoms are oriented in space | 48 | |
| 8976385783 | Oligopeptide | A few amino acids joined by peptide bonds. | 49 | |
| 8976385784 | Polypeptide | long chain of amino acids that makes proteins | 50 | |
| 8976385785 | Protein | A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids. | 51 | |
| 8976385786 | Peptone | a soluble protein formed in the early stage of protein breakdown during digestion. | 52 | |
| 8976385787 | F(filamentous)-Protein | insoluble in water, weak acids and weak bases but soluble in strong acids and alkalis | 53 | |
| 8976385788 | G(globular)-Protein | are soluble in water, acids and bases | 54 | |
| 8976385789 | N-terminus | the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide | 55 | |
| 8976385790 | C-Terminus | the end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group. | 56 | |
| 8976385791 | Peptide Bond (Amide Bond) | covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain | 57 | |
| 8976385792 | Monomer | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. | 58 | |
| 8976385793 | Polymer | a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits. | 59 | |
| 8976385794 | Post-translational modification (PTM) | the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis | 60 | |
| 8976385795 | Lipids | substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. | 61 | |
| 8976385796 | Function of Lipids | Energy Production Heat production Insulation | 62 | |
| 8976385797 | Types of Lipids | Fatty Acids Fats (Triacylglycerols) Waxes Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol) | 63 | |
| 8976385798 | Lipids in General | Insoluble molecules Form: Micelles, Vesicles, Bilayers | 64 | |
| 8976385799 | Fatty Acids | Consist Hydrocarbon chain and a a terminal carboxyl group Contain one or more double bonds | 65 | |
| 8976385800 | Cholesterol | consisting of four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the bulky steroid structure. | 66 | |
| 8976385801 | Cis- Configuration | a polar molecule | 67 | |
| 8976385802 | Trans- Configuration | a non-polar molecule | 68 | |
| 8976385803 | Fats (Triacylglycerol) | Trimester of Fatty acids long-term energy storage molecule in many organism |  | 69 |
| 8976385804 | Glycerol |  | 70 | |
| 8976385805 | Fats (Triacylglycerol) Behavior | Hydrogenation Fat Hardening | 71 | |
| 8976385806 | Hydrogenation Fat Hardening | Conversion of liquid oils into semi-solid Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes important physical properties (Melting range) | 72 | |
| 8976385807 | Waxes | Lipid that is an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid Made up of 12-32 carbon atoms |  | 73 |
| 8976385808 | Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol) | component of all cell membrane Amphiphilic Most natural occurring fat | 74 | |
| 8976385809 | Bilayer |  | 75 | |
| 8976385810 | Monolayer |  | 76 | |
| 8976385811 | Micelle |  | 77 | |
| 8976385812 | Vesicles |  | 78 | |
| 8976385813 | Liposome |  | 79 | |
| 8976385814 | Carbohydrate | Chemical compound which contains oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Also known as Saccharides Important storage and transport form of energy C₆H₁₂O₆ |  | 80 |
| 8976385815 | Four Types of Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides | 81 | |
| 8976385816 | Monosaccharides | 1 monomer single sugar ex. Fructose, Glucose | 82 | |
| 8976385817 | Disaccharides | 2 monomers 2 saccharides ex. Sucrose | 83 | |
| 8976385818 | Oligosaccharides | 3-10 monomers linked to a.a or lipids ex. Raffinose | 84 | |
| 8976385819 | Polysaccharides | >10 monomers complex carbohydrates, w/ linear chains ex. Starch, Amylose, Cellulose | 85 | |
| 8976385820 | Distinguishing Criteria of Carbohydrates | Consist ONLY of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen/ Oxygen atom ratio 2:1 | 86 | |
| 8976385821 | Three Different Characteristics of Carbohydrates | Placement of its carbonyl group Number of carbon atom it contains Its chirality (= asymmetric) | 87 | |
| 8976385822 | Cellulose | An insoluble substance A polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers | 88 | |
| 8976385823 | Chitin | a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides The major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. | 89 | |
| 8976385824 | Glycogen | A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis. | 90 | |
| 8976385825 | Starch | A polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet. | 91 | |
| 8976385826 | Aldehydes | A functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain |  | 92 |
| 8976385827 | Ketones | is an organic compound with the structure RCR', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents |  | 93 |
| 8976385828 | Fischer's Projection | a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule |  | 94 |
| 8976385829 | Formaldehyde | a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH₂O. |  | 95 |
| 8976385830 | Glycolaldehyde | the organic compound with the formula HOCH₂-CHO. |  | 96 |
| 8976385831 | Inositol | a chemical compound with formula C₆H₁₂O₆ or (-CHOH-)₆, a six-fold alcohol of cyclohexane |  | 97 |
| 8976385832 | Biochemistry of Carbohydrate | 4 Carbons | 98 | |
| 8976385833 | Deoxyribose | a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen. |  | 99 |
| 8976385834 | Function of Carbohydrates | Generating and Storing Biological Energy Molecular Recognition (Immune System) Cellular Protection (bacterial and plant cell wall) Cell Signaling Cell Adhesion Maintaining Biological Structure (Cellulose) Biological Lubricants | 100 | |
| 8976385835 | Sugar | any of the class of soluble, crystalline, typically sweet-tasting carbohydrates found in living tissues and exemplified by glucose and sucrose. | 101 | |
| 8976385836 | NucleoSIDES | Nitrogenous base w/ ribose | 102 | |
| 8976385837 | NucleoTIDES | Nitrogenous base, ribose and phosphate | 103 | |
| 8976385838 | Adenine (DNA/RNA) |  | 104 | |
| 8976385839 | Uracil (RNA) |  | 105 | |
| 8976385840 | Guanine (DNA/RNA) |  | 106 | |
| 8976385841 | Cytosine (DNA/RNA) |  | 107 | |
| 8976385842 | Thymine (DNA) |  | 108 | |
| 8976385843 | Types of Transport | Non Mediated Transport Transport by Vesicles Mediated Transport |  | 109 |
| 8976385844 | Non Mediated Transport | Diffusion |  | 110 |
| 8976385845 | Transport by Vesicles |  | 111 | |
| 8976385846 | Mediated Transport | Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels) Active Transport (ATP) | 112 | |
| 8976385847 | Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels) |  | 113 | |
| 8976385848 | Active Transport (ATP) |  | 114 | |
| 8976385849 | The Role of Enzyme Chemical Reactions | Synthesis Decomposition Single Displacement Double Displacement | 115 | |
| 8976385850 | Low Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction) | A+B ==> A-B | 116 | |
| 8976385851 | High Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction) | A+B =(synthesis)=> A-B | 117 | |
| 8976385852 | Roles of Enzymes | Rates Sufficient for life Selective for their Substance Most Enzymes are Proteins Assist in Catalysis | 118 | |
| 8976385853 | Building Blocks for Enzymology | Substrates (S) Enzymes (E) Products (P) | 119 | |
| 8976385854 | Cholesterol Functions | Build & Maintain Membranes Hormone Production Vitamin D Production Bile Production | 120 | |
| 8976385855 | Lab Techniques for Protein Analyse | Photometry Electrophoresis Chromatography Bradford-assay Absorbance of wavelength | 121 | |
| 8976385856 | Photometry | Measurement of Light Shows Intensity of a beam of light after passing through a sample | 122 | |
| 8976385857 | Chromatography | technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates. | 123 | |
| 8976385858 | Electrophoresis | technique in order to separate macromolecules based on size. The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. This is used for both DNA and RNA analysis. | 124 | |
| 8976385859 | Bradford-Assay | spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution | 125 | |
| 8976385860 | Rosalind Franklin dates | (1920-1958) | 126 | |
| 8976385861 | Francis Crick | (1916-2004) | 127 | |
| 8976385862 | James Watson | (1928- ) | 128 | |
| 8976385863 | Tautomerization | A formal isomers of the nitrogenous based | 129 | |
| 8976385864 | Enzyme inhibition | molecule that binds to an enzyme and lowers its activity. (can kill pathogens or correct metabolic imbalances) | 130 | |
| 8976385865 | Competitive inhibition | binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice-versa | 131 | |
| 8976385866 | Non-competitive Inhibition | where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bounded to the substrate | 132 | |
| 8976385867 | Uncompetitive Inhibition | Does not compete for the active site but affects the catalytic event | 133 | |
| 8976385868 | Number of human genomes | 51 | 134 | |
| 8976385869 | Human chromosomes | 23 Pairs | 135 | |
| 8976385870 | Replisome | complex of enzymes work on replication of DNA | 136 | |
| 8976385871 | Genome | the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism. | 137 | |
| 8976385872 | Hormones in General | Signal Transduction Hormone Action Membrane Receptors | 138 | |
| 8976385873 | Signal transduction | Involves cell to cell communication via: Neurotransmitters Hormones Growth factors Pheromones | 139 | |
| 8976385874 | Pheromones | Chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal or insect affecting its physiology or behavior | 140 | |
| 8976385875 | Hormone Action | influences and controls: Enzyme Activity Synthesis of specific proteins Membrane permeability to ions or small metabolites | 141 | |
| 8976385876 | Membrane Receptors | includes: proteins that influence second-messenger synthesis Ion channels Proteins with intrinsic enzyme activity | 142 | |
| 8976385877 | What is a hormone | any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour. | 143 | |
| 8976385878 | Systemic | Glands Hormones Nerves | 144 | |
| 8976385879 | Cellular | Neurotransmission GPCR (G-protein coupled receptors) | 145 | |
| 8976385880 | Classification of Glands | Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland | 146 | |
| 8976385881 | Exocrine Gland | Excretes its product mostly via ducts inside the body | 147 | |
| 8976385882 | Endocrine Gland | Signals target distant cells, secrets its product directly into the bloodstream or by diffusion | 148 | |
| 8976385883 | Exocrine Gland (Diagram) |  | 149 | |
| 8976385884 | Endocrine Gland (Diagram) |  | 150 | |
| 8976385885 | Types of intercellular Communication | Direct Indirect | 151 | |
| 8976385886 | Direct Intercellular Communication | Gap Junctions |  | 152 |
| 8976385887 | Indirect Intercellular Communication | Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion Neurotransmitter Secretion Neurohormone Secretion | 153 | |
| 8976385888 | Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion |  | 154 | |
| 8976385889 | Neurotransmitter Secretion |  | 155 | |
| 8976385890 | Neurohormone Secretion |  | 156 | |
| 8976385891 | Juxacrine | Signals target adjacent (touching cells) | 157 | |
| 8976385892 | Autocrine | signals are produced by the target cell, secreted and effect the target cell itself via receptors | 158 | |
| 8976385893 | Paracrine | signals target cell in the vicinity of the emitting cell. NEUROTRANSMITTERS | 159 | |
| 8976385894 | Lipophilic | tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats | 160 | |
| 8976385895 | Lipophobic | tending to repulse compounds therefore not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents. | 161 |
