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| 7841251350 | Elements | 25 required for life C,H,O,N make up 96% P,S,Ca,K 4% | 0 | |
| 7841251351 | Trace Elements | Fe, I-required in minimal amounts | 1 | |
| 7841251352 | Goiters | Swelling of the thyroid gland caused by an iodine deficiency | 2 | |
| 7841251353 | Atoms | smallest unit of matter. | 3 | |
| 7841251354 | Protons | + in an atom's nucleus | 4 | |
| 7841251355 | Neutrons | +/_ in an atom's nucleus | 5 | |
| 7841251356 | Electrons | - in an atom's outer ring | 6 | |
| 7841251357 | Atomic Number | # of protons. # of electrons in a stable atom of an element. | 7 | |
| 7841251358 | Atomic mass | Sum of protons and neutrons. | 8 | |
| 7841251359 | Electron mass | small and almost negligible | 9 | |
| 7841251360 | Ions | Different # of Electrons. Atoms with a charge | 10 | |
| 7841251361 | More electrons = | negative charge | 11 | |
| 7841251362 | Less Electrons= | positive charge | 12 | |
| 7841251363 | Isotopes | Different # of neutrons, radioactive, diagnostic tracers | 13 | |
| 7841251364 | Why do atoms bond? | To fill their valence shell | 14 | |
| 7841251365 | Octet Rule | Most atoms want 8 valence electrons. | 15 | |
| 7841251366 | Exceptions to the Octet Rule | Those w/ <6 total electrons | 16 | |
| 7841251367 | Covalent Bonding | Valence electrons are shared. | 17 | |
| 7841251368 | Ionic Bonding | Lost or from the outside shell that fills the octet rule | 18 | |
| 7841251369 | Hydrogen bonds | Bonds between molecules that contain polar covalent bonds. | 19 | |
| 7841251370 | Molecular structure | determines the job . ex- endorphins can be substituted with heroin because they both are the same exact shape in size/function. | 20 | |
| 7841251371 | Polarity | slight charge on either end of a molecule due to electronegatives | 21 | |
| 7841251372 | cohesion | property of water; sticks to itself | 22 | |
| 7841251373 | adhesion | sticking to something else; property of water | 23 | |
| 7841251374 | surface tension | property | 24 | |
| 7841251375 | high specific heat | the amount of energy absorbed or lost to change 1g 1degree celsius. water's specific heat is high | 25 | |
| 7841251376 | ice | less dense than water; insulates water below; is most dense at 4 degrees celsius | 26 | |
| 7841251377 | universal solvent | water dissolves materials creating aqueous solutions (water=solvent, being dissolved = solute) | 27 | |
| 7841251378 | hydrophilic | substances attracted to water | 28 | |
| 7841251379 | hydrophobic | repel water | 29 | |
| 7841251380 | pure water | [H+]=[OH-] | 30 | |
| 7841251381 | pH | a measure of hydrogen ion concentration on a scale of 1-14 | 31 | |
| 7841251382 | Acids | donate [h+] to solution | 32 | |
| 7841251383 | more acidic = | more [H+] and lower pH, pH<7 | 33 | |
| 7841251384 | bases | accept [H+] ions from the solution; may donate [OH-] | 34 | |
| 7841251385 | more basic equals | less H+ concentration; higher pH | 35 | |
| 7841251386 | Buffer | resists change to an acid or base. ex- blood stays at 7.4 because minor changes can cause death | 36 | |
| 7841251387 | hydrocarbons | molecules with C and H. nonpolar. hydrophobic. stable. little attraction between molecules | 37 | |
| 7841251388 | Isomer | same molecular formula but different structures, different chemical properties and molecular formuals. | 38 | |
| 7841251389 | Thalidomide | reduced morning sickness in pregnant women but a stereoisomer caused severe birth defects | 39 | |
| 7841251390 | organic compounds | contain carbon. split in to carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids | 40 | |
| 7841251391 | Functional groups | parts organic compounds used most often in chemical reactions. Determine structure and function | 41 | |
| 7841251392 | hydroxyl | organic compounds with OH- alcohols |  | 42 |
| 7841251393 | Carbonyl aldehyde | C=O at the end of the molecule |  | 43 |
| 7841251394 | Carbonyl keytone | C=O in the middle of the molecule |  | 44 |
| 7841251395 | Carboxyl | Compounds with COOH- acids (fatty and amino) |  | 45 |
| 7841251396 | Amino | Compounds with NH2 - amines (amino acids) NH2 acts as a base when ammonia pick us an H+ |  | 46 |
| 7841251397 | phosphate | Lots of O=lots of neg charge- reactive transfers energy between organic molecules (ATP) increases gene expression |  | 47 |
| 7841251398 | Sulfhydryl | stabilizes the structure of proteins |  | 48 |
| 7841251399 | Methyl | turns genes down or off |  | 49 |
| 7841251400 | Carbohydrates | Contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, provide energy. | 50 | |
| 7841251401 | Three groups of carbohydrates | monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide. | 51 | |
| 7841251402 | Monosaccharide | mono- single, saccharide- sugar, formula CH2O(monomer) Ex-glucose, fructose | 52 | |
| 7841251403 | Disaccharide | Double sugars, formed by dehydration synthesis, glycosidic linkage (bond between two monosaccharide) Ex- sucrose, lactose, maltose | 53 | |
| 7841251404 | Polysaccharide | complex sugars, stored and broken down by hydrolysis from energy. Ex-starch, cellulose, glycogen | 54 | |
| 7841251405 | cellulose | plant cell wall; not easily broken down; rigid structure; most abundant organic compound on Earth- can be digested by herbivores | 55 | |
| 7841251406 | starch | easily broken down by hydrolysis; flat structure; easily digested | 56 | |
| 7841251407 | Carbohydrate Indicator | Benedicts- blue to orange in a monosaccharide Iodine- turns amber to black in a polysaccharide | 57 | |
| 7841251408 | Lipids | Hydrophobic, smaller than polymers, highly varied in form and function | 58 | |
| 7841251409 | Types of lipids | fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes and oils | 59 | |
| 7841251410 | Fats | monomers- fatty acids/glycerol, function in storing energy and protection, Ester linkage-bond between fatty acids and glycerol | 60 | |
| 7841251411 | Saturated Fats | solid @ room temps, animal fats, build up inside of vessels, no double bonds between carbons. Saturated with hydrogens. straight structure | 61 | |
| 7841251412 | Unsaturated fats | liquids at room temp, plant oils, double bonds between carbons. bent sort of like a V structure | 62 | |
| 7841251413 | Phospholipids | Like fats but with 2 fatty acids instead of 3; 3rd OH group of glycerol joined to PO4 group, ambivalent toward water. component in cellular membranes | 63 | |
| 7841251414 | Steroids | carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings; used in animal cell membranes and hormones | 64 | |
| 7841251415 | Proteins | One or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations sophisticated in both structure and function, accounts for more than 50% of cells dry weight, used in support, storage, transport, signaling, immunity, metabolism | 65 | |
| 7841251416 | Stricture of an Amino Acid | Amino group, central carbon, carboxyl group, r group | 66 | |
| 7841251417 | R groups in Amino Acids | Non-polar=hydrophobic Polar=hydrophilic | 67 | |
| 7841251418 | Sulfur containing Amino Acids | form disulfide bridges- covalent cross links between sulfhydryls, stabilizes 3-D structure | 68 | |
| 7841251419 | Peptides | amino acid or acids created by dehydration synthesis | 69 | |
| 7841251420 | peptide bond | bond between amino acids | 70 | |
| 7841251421 | Protein monomer and functional groups | monomer- amino acid, contain amino and carboxyl groups, | 71 | |
| 7841251422 | Primary structure | sequence of amino acids | 72 | |
| 7841251423 | Secondary structure | initial coiling and folding patterns that result from hydrogen bonds ex- alpha helix and pleated sheet | 73 | |
| 7841251424 | Tertiary structure | secondary coiling and folding | 74 | |
| 7841251425 | quaternary structure | overall structure that comes from the way they all polypeptides are situated | 75 | |
| 7841251426 | Conformations and structure of proteins are affected by | pH, Temp, environment, salt concentration | 76 | |
| 7841251427 | structure change = | function change (denatured and inactive) | 77 | |
| 7841251428 | Protein Denaturation | Unfolding a protein- disrupting h bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges Altering second and third structure destroys functionality | 78 | |
| 7841251429 | Things that disrupt H bonds, Ionic bonds, disulfide bridges | pH, temp, salinity | 79 | |
| 7841251430 | alter second and third structure | alter 3-d structure | 80 | |
| 7841251431 | Destroys functionality | some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot | 81 | |
| 7841251432 | sickle cell anemia | mutation on the 6th where the gene is hydrophobic instead of hydrophoillic making it hard to travel through the blood stream | 82 | |
| 7841251433 | Indicator of Protein | Buriets; blue to violet | 83 | |
| 7841251434 | Nucleic Acids | Store and transmit hereditary information | 84 | |
| 7841251435 | monomer for nucleic acids | nucleotides (ACTG) sugars- deoxyribose, ribose (DNA,RNA) | 85 | |
| 7841251436 | 3 parts of Nucleotides | Nitrogen base (C-N ring) Pentose sugar (5C)- RNA, DNA Phosphate group | 86 | |
| 7841251437 | 2 types of nucleotides | purines- double n ring base, adenine, guanine Pyrimidines- single N ring base, cytosine,thymine, Uracil | 87 | |
| 7841251438 | Pairing of nucleotides | bond between DNA A to T C to G | 88 | |
| 7841251439 | Nucleic Polymer | backbone- sugar to PO4 bond- phosphodiester bond. Nbases hang off. | 89 | |
| 7841251440 | Indicator of fat | paper towel test | 90 | |
| 7841251441 | Enzymes | lower activation energy, have specific active site that fits the substrate, rate at which they work depends on temp ph and concentration of substrate | 91 | |
| 7841251442 | catalysts | speed up reaction without being consumed or changed by the reaction | 92 | |
| 7841251443 | Metabolism | Total amount of an organisms chemical processes and reaction. Catabolic + Anabolic reactions | 93 | |
| 7841251444 | Catabolic | break down molecules, release energy ex- cellular respiration | 94 | |
| 7841251445 | Anabolic | reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones. requires energy input ex- synthesis | 95 | |
| 7841251446 | 1st law of thermodynamics | conservation of energy | 96 | |
| 7841251447 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy transfer makes the universe more disordered Entropy ex- heat is energy in its most random state | 97 | |
| 7841251448 | Free Energy | G, energy available to do work when temperature is uniform throughout. | 98 | |
| 7841251449 | Exergonic | releases energy -deltaG catabolic reaction | 99 | |
| 7841251450 | Endergonic | absorbs free energy +deltaG anabolic reaction | 100 | |
| 7841251451 | Cellular Work | Mechanical, transport chemical | 101 | |
| 7841251452 | Mechanical cellular work | movement- muscle contractions | 102 | |
| 7841251453 | Transport cellular work | pumping of substances across the membrane | 103 | |
| 7841251454 | chemical cellular work | pushing endergonic reactions that do not happen spontaneously Ex- dehydration synthesis | 104 | |
| 7841251455 | ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate, made of phosphate, ribose, adenosine | 105 | |
| 7841251456 | competitive inhibition | fighting for active sight | 106 | |
| 7841251457 | Non-competitive inhibition | molecule attaches somewhere else and changes the shape of the active site | 107 | |
| 7841251458 | DNA Molecule | Double Helix- h bonds between bases join the 2 strands A-T C-G | 108 |
