AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
13655918290ElementA pure substance made of only one kind of atom0
13655918291trace elementsrequired by an organism in only minute quantities1
13655918292IsotopeAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons2
13655918293radiometric datingthe process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products3
13655918294CompoundA substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds4
13655918295chemical reactionthe process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances5
13655918296chemical bondthe force that holds two atoms together6
13655918297ionic bondFormed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another7
13655918298covalent bondA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule8
13655918299hydrogen bondweak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom9
13655918300IonA charged atom10
13655918301nonpolar covalent bonda covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms11
13655918302polar covalent bondA covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally12
13655918303polarMolecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.13
13655918304CohesionAttraction between molecules of the same substance14
13655918305AdhesionAn attraction between molecules of different substances15
13655918306heat capacitythe number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.16
13655918307expansion on freezingwater forms a crystalline structure that expands and is less dense than its liquid state17
13655918308capillary actionthe attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid18
13655918309acidicpH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H+19
13655918310basicpH greater than 7, indicates a greater concentration of OH20
13655918311Alkalinebasic solution21
13655918312pH scalemeasurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 1422
13655918313organic compoundsCompounds that contain carbon23
13655918314inorganic compoundsCompounds that do not contain carbon24
13655918315PolymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.25
13655918316MonomerA simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers26
13655918317Carbohydratesthe starches and sugars present in foods27
13655918318MonosaccharidesSingle sugar molecules28
13655918319DisaccharideA double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.29
13655918320PolysaccharidesCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides30
13655918321dehydration synthesisA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.31
13655918322glycosidic linkageA covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.32
13655918323HydolysisBreaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water33
13655918324amino acidsmonomers of proteins34
13655918325amino groupNH235
13655918326carboxyl groupCOOH36
13655918327R groupused to represent one of 20 possible side chains found in amino acids of living systems37
13655918328side chainAnother term for R-group. A variable group that determines the unique chemical properties of a particular amino acid.38
13655918329DipeptideTwo amino acids bonded together39
13655918330peptide bondThe chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid40
13655918331PolypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.41
13655918332primary structure of proteinsequence of amino acids42
13655918333secondary structure of proteinprotein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain43
13655918334tertiary structure of proteinprotein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure44
13655918335quarternary structure of proteinoverall protein structure, combining 2 or more polypeptides45
13655918336Chaperoninsprotein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins46
13655918337LipidsEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.47
13655918338Triglyceridesan energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.48
13655918339PhospholipidsA molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.49
13655918340Steriodslipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence. include cholesterol and sex hormones50
13655918341GlycerolA three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.51
13655918342ester linkageThe linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acids in a fat is the ester linkage. This bond is formed through dehydration synthesis.52
13655918343saturated fatsfats that are solid at room temperature, no double bonds, saturated with hydrogen53
13655918344unsaturated fatsA fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. Contains double bonds54
13655918345polyunsaturated fatstriglycerides in which most of the fatty acids have two or more points of unsaturation55
13655918346HydrophobicHaving an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.56
13655918347HydrophilicHaving an affinity for water.57
13655918348CholesterolA type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.58
13655918349nucleic acidsmacromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, ex: DNA and RNA59
13655918350DNAA complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.60
13655918351RNAsingle-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose61
13655918352RNA world hypothesishypothesis that RNA served as the genetic information of early life62

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!