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| 14603698850 | amino acids | molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group | 0 | |
| 14603698851 | amphoteric | compound that contains both an acid and a base | 1 | |
| 14603698852 | zwitteron | has both positive and negative charge, but the overall molecule is neutral | 2 | |
| 14603698853 | peptide | composed of amino acid subunits | 3 | |
| 14603698854 | conjugated proteins | derive part of their function from covalently attached molecules | 4 | |
| 14603698855 | enzymes | important biological catalysts | 5 | |
| 14603698856 | substrate | molecule upon which an enzyme acts | 6 | |
| 14603698857 | active site | location upon which an enzyme acts | 7 | |
| 14603698858 | feedback regulation | the inhibition of an enzyme by its product | 8 | |
| 14603698859 | feed-forward activation | The stimulation of an enzyme by an intermediate that precedes the enzyme in a metabolic pathway | 9 | |
| 14603698860 | negative feedback | helps maintain homeostasis | 10 | |
| 14603698861 | competitive inhibition | occupancy of the active site | 11 | |
| 14603698862 | noncompetitive inhibition | bind to an allosteric site instead of the active site | 12 | |
| 14603698863 | mixed inhibition | when an inhibitor can bind to either the enzyme or the enzyme-substrate complex, but has a different affinity for each | 13 | |
| 14603698864 | uncompetitive inhibition | -bind only to the enzyme-substrate complex, locking the substrate into the enzyme | 14 | |
| 14603698865 | allosteric enzymes | Alternate between an active and inactive form | 15 | |
| 14603698866 | collagen | trihelical fiber and makes up most of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue | 16 | |
| 14603698867 | elastin | important component of the extracellular matrix that has a primary role of stretching and recoiling | 17 | |
| 14603698868 | keratins | intermediate filament proteins found in epithelial cells | 18 | |
| 14603698869 | actin | protein that makes up microfilaments and thin filaments in myofibrils | 19 | |
| 14603698870 | tubulin | protein that makes up microtubules | 20 | |
| 14603698871 | myosin | primary motor protein that interacts with actin | 21 | |
| 14603698872 | cell adhesion molecules | proteins found on the surface of most cells and aid in binding the cell to the extracellular matrix or other cells | 22 | |
| 14603698873 | cadherins | A group of glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion | 23 | |
| 14603698874 | integrins | have to membrane-spanning chains, alpha and beta | 24 | |
| 14603698875 | selectins | bind to carbohydrate molecules that projects from other cell surfaces | 25 | |
| 14603698876 | Antibodies (immunoglobulins) | proteins produced by beta-cells that function to neutralize targets in the body | 26 | |
| 14603698877 | biosignaling | a process in which cells receive and act on signals | 27 | |
| 14603698878 | ion channels | proteins that create specific pathways for charged molecules | 28 | |
| 14603698879 | facilitated diffusion | a type of passive transport; the diffusion of molecules down a concentration gradient through a pore in the membrane; simple diffusion for molecules that are impermeable to the membrane | 29 | |
| 14603698880 | ungated channels | have no gates and are therefore unregulated | 30 | |
| 14603700442 | voltage gated channels | gate is regulated by the membrane potential change near the channel | 31 | |
| 14603701987 | ligand gated channel | the binding of a specific substance or ligand to the channel causes it to open or close | 32 | |
| 14603708648 | membrane spanning domain | anchors receptors in cell membrane | 33 | |
| 14603709415 | ligand binding domain | stimulated by the appropriate ligand and induced a conformational change that activates the catalytic domain | 34 | |
| 14603712100 | G-protein coupled receptors | a large family of integral membrane proteins involved in signal transduction | 35 | |
| 14603712894 | electrophoresis | subjects compounds to an electrical field, which moves them according to their net charge and size | 36 | |
| 14603716245 | chromatography | uses physical and chemical properties to separate and identify compounds from complex mixtures | 37 | |
| 14603719497 | edman degradation | uses cleavage to sequence proteins of up to 50 to 70 amino acids | 38 | |
| 14603721903 | stereoisomers | compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different spatial arrangement | 39 | |
| 14603724966 | enantiomers | stereoisomers that are nonidentical, nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other | 40 | |
| 14603728858 | Haworth projection | describes the 3D conformation of cyclic structures | 41 | |
| 14603729571 | aldonic acids | oxidized aldoses | 42 | |
| 14603731772 | tautomerization | rearrangement of bond in a compound, usually by moving a hydrogen and forming a double bond | 43 | |
| 14603737045 | polysaccharides | long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds | 44 | |
| 14603741948 | homopolysaccharide | composed entirely of glucose | 45 | |
| 14603743596 | heteropolysaccharide | polymer made up of more than one type of monosaccharide | 46 | |
| 14603744980 | cellulose | main structural component of plants | 47 | |
| 14603746458 | starches | polysaccharides that are more digestible by numbers | 48 | |
| 14603749683 | glycogen | carb storage unit in animals; branched polymer of glucose represents a storage form of glucose | 49 | |
| 14603751226 | amphipathic | has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions | 50 | |
| 14603753815 | phospholipids | phosphate and alcohol polar heads, hydrophobic fatty acid tail held together by phosphodiester linkages; move rapidly in the plane of the membrane through simple diffusion | 51 | |
| 14603757860 | glycerophospholipids | specifically those phospholipids that contain a glycerol backbone bonded by ester linkages to two fatty acids | 52 | |
| 14603761178 | sphingolipids | have a sphingosine backbone | 53 | |
| 14603762825 | waxes | esters of long chains of fatty acids with long chain alcohols | 54 | |
| 14603764905 | terpenes | class of lipids built from isoprene moieties and share a common structural pattern with carbons grouped in multiples of five | 55 | |
| 14603766607 | monoterpenes | single terpene, two isoprene | 56 | |
| 14603767696 | sesquiterpenes | three isoprene units | 57 | |
| 14603769456 | diterpenes | four isoprene units | 58 | |
| 14603769931 | triterpenes | six isoprene units | 59 | |
| 14603771396 | tetraterpenes | eight isoprene units | 60 | |
| 14603772097 | steroids | metabolic derivatives of terpenes and are very different from other lipids | 61 | |
| 14603776252 | steroid hormones | secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and then travel to protein carriers | 62 | |
| 14603777804 | cholesterol | major component of the phospholipid bilayer and is responsible for mediating membrane fluidity | 63 | |
| 14603779901 | prostagladins | produced by almost all cells in the body and are unsaturated carboxylic acids | 64 | |
| 14603781784 | vitamin | an essential nutrient that cannot be adequately synthesized by the body | 65 | |
| 14603783184 | vitamin A | unsaturated hydrocarbon that is important in vision, growth, development, and immune function | 66 | |
| 14603784525 | vitamin D | can be consumed or found in a UV light-driven reaction in the skin | 67 | |
| 14603786056 | vitamin E | characterized by a substituted aromatic ring with a long isoprenoid side chain and are characterized as hydrophobic | 68 | |
| 14603790171 | vitamin K | vital to the posttranslational modifications required to form prothrombin | 69 | |
| 14617190559 | adipocytes | store large amounts of fat and are found primarily under the skin, around mammary glands, and in the abdominal cavity | 70 | |
| 14617192183 | saponification | the ester hydrolysis of triacylglycerols using a strong base | 71 | |
| 14617193089 | surfactant | lowers the surface tension at the surface of a liquid, serving as a detergent or emulsifier | 72 | |
| 14617195238 | micelles | tiny aggregates of soap with hydrophobic tails turned inward and hydrophilic heads turned outward | 73 | |
| 14617197268 | nucleosides | composed of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base | 74 | |
| 14617197867 | nucleotides | formed when one or more phosphate groups are attached to c-5' of a nucleoside | 75 | |
| 14617199466 | nucleoproteins | acid-soluble and tend to stimulate processes such as transcription | 76 | |
| 14617200411 | heterochromatin | appears dark under light microscopy and is transcriptionally silent | 77 | |
| 14617201582 | euchromatin | dispersed chromatin | 78 | |
| 14617202254 | replisome (replication complex) | a set of specialized proteins that assist the DNA polymerases | 79 | |
| 14617204073 | helicase | enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA, generating two single-stranded template strands ahead of polymerase | 80 | |
| 14617204855 | supercoiling | a wrapping of DNA on itself as its helical structure is pushed even further toward the telomers during replication | 81 | |
| 14617206325 | metastasis | migration to distant tissues by the bloodstream | 82 | |
| 14617207146 | oncogenes | mutated genes that cause cancer | 83 | |
| 14617207635 | DNA cloning | a technique that can produce large amounts of a desired sequence | 84 | |
| 14617208070 | restriction enzymes | enzymes that recognize specific double-stranded DNA sequences | 85 | |
| 14617209199 | DNA libraries | large collections of known DNA sequences | 86 | |
| 14617209894 | genomic libraries | contain large fragments of DNA and include both coding and noncoding regions of the genome | 87 | |
| 14617210788 | hybridization | joining of complementary base pair sequences | 88 | |
| 14617211661 | polymerase chain reaction | an automated process that can produce millions of DNA sequences without amplifying the DNA in bacteria | 89 | |
| 14617213957 | southern blot | used to detect the presence and quantity of various DNA strands in a sample | 90 | |
| 14617215117 | transgene | a disease-producing allele | 91 | |
| 14617215645 | gene | a unit of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule | 92 | |
| 14617216305 | Messenger RNA (mRNA) | carries the information specifying the amino acid sequence of the protein to the ribosome | 93 | |
| 14617218646 | Transfer RNA (tRNA) | responsible for converting the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids and peptides | 94 | |
| 14617219525 | Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | synthesized in the nucleolus and functions as an integral part of the ribosomal machinery used during protein assembly | 95 | |
| 14617222489 | point mutation | if a mutation occurs and it affects one of the nucleotides in a codon | 96 | |
| 14617224265 | missense mutation | a mutation where one amino acid substitutes for another | 97 | |
| 14617224911 | nonsense mutation | A mutation where the codon now encodes for a premature stop codon | 98 | |
| 14617227545 | frameshift mutation | occurs when some number of nucleotides are added to or deleted from the mRNA sequence | 99 | |
| 14617228342 | transcription | the creation of mRNA from a DNA template | 100 | |
| 14617229297 | introns | noncoding sequences that stay in the nucleus | 101 | |
| 14617229875 | exons | ligate coding sequences that exit the nucleus as part of the mRNA | 102 | |
| 14617231353 | translation | process of converting the mRNA transcript into a functional protein | 103 | |
| 14617231867 | phosphorylation | addition of a phosphate group by protein kinases to activate or deactivate proteins | 104 | |
| 14617233734 | carboxylation | addition of carboxylic acid groups, usually to serve as calcium-binding sites | 105 | |
| 14617235503 | glycosylation | addition of oligosaccharides as proteins pass through the ER and Golgi apparatus to determine cellular destination | 106 | |
| 14617237289 | prenylation | addition of lipid groups to certain membrane-bound enzymes | 107 | |
| 14617238221 | operon | a cluster of genes transcribed as a single mRNA | 108 | |
| 14617238680 | Jacob-Monod model | used to describe the structure and function of operons | 109 | |
| 14617240270 | structural gene | codes for the protein of interest | 110 | |
| 14617240663 | operator site | A nontranscribable region of DNA that is capable of binding a repressor protein | 111 | |
| 14617241046 | promoter site | provides a place for RNA polymerase to bind | 112 | |
| 14617241899 | regulator gene | codes for a protein knows as the repressor | 113 | |
| 14617242267 | negative control | when the binding of a protein reduces transcriptional activity | 114 | |
| 14617244629 | repressible systems | allow for constant production of a protein product | 115 | |
| 14617245257 | transcription factors | transcription-activating proteins that search the DNA looking for specific DNA binding motifs | 116 | |
| 14617246752 | DNA binding domain | binds a specific nucleotide sequence in the promoter region | 117 | |
| 14617247738 | activation domain | allows for the binding of several transcription factors and other important regulatory proteins | 118 | |
| 14617249336 | enhancer | allows for the control of one's gene expression by multiple signals | 119 | |
| 14617250117 | cell membrane | a semipermeable phospholipid bilayer | 120 | |
| 14617251326 | lipid rafts | collections of similar lipids with or without associated proteins that serve as attachment points for other biomolecules | 121 | |
| 14617259111 | flippases | assist in the transition or "flip" between layers | 122 | |
| 14617259683 | gap junctions | allow for direct cell-cell communication and are often found in small bunches together | 123 | |
| 14617260442 | tight junctions | prevent solutes from leaking into the space between cells via paracellular route | 124 | |
| 14617261609 | desmosomes | bind adjacent cells by anchoring to their cytoskeletons | 125 | |
| 14617262331 | hemidesmosomes | attach epithelial cells to underlying structures | 126 | |
| 14617263479 | simple diffusion | substances move down their concentration gradient directly across the membrane | 127 | |
| 14617264556 | osmosis | water moves from a region of low solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration | 128 | |
| 14617265331 | carriers | only open to one side of the cell membrane at any given point | 129 | |
| 14617268308 | occluded state | carrier is not open to either side of the phospholipid bilayer | 130 | |
| 14617268557 | channels | viable transporters for facilitated diffusion | 131 | |
| 14617269297 | active transport | results in the net movement of a solute against its concentration gradient | 132 | |
| 14617284087 | symport | when both particles flow in the same direction across the membrane | 133 | |
| 14617285550 | antiport | when the particles flow in opposite directions | 134 | |
| 14617286591 | endocytosis | occurs when the cell membrane invaginates and engulfs material to bring it into the cell | 135 | |
| 14617287547 | pinocytosis | the endocytosis of fluids and dissolved particles | 136 | |
| 14617288198 | phagocytosis | ingestion of large solids such as bacteria | 137 | |
| 14617288646 | exocytosis | occurs when secretory vesicles fuse with the membrane, releasing material from inside the cell to the extracellular environment | 138 | |
| 14617289826 | membrane potential | the difference in electrical potential across cell membranes | 139 | |
| 14617290417 | cristae | numerous infoldings which increase the available surface area for the integral proteins associated with the membrane | 140 | |
| 14617291096 | GLUT 2 | a low difinity transporter in hepatocytes and pancreatic cells | 141 | |
| 14617292342 | GLUT 4 | in adipose tissue and muscle and responds to glucose concentration in peripheral blood | 142 | |
| 14617293226 | glycolysis | a cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose into two pyruvate molecules, releasing a modest amount of energy | 143 | |
| 14617295991 | hexokinase | widely distributed in tissues and is inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate | 144 | |
| 14617297737 | glucokinase | found only in liver cells an pancreatic B-islet cells | 145 | |
| 14617298746 | phosphofructokinase-1 | the rate-limiting enzyme and main control point in glycolysis | 146 | |
| 14617299556 | phosphofructokinase-2 | converts a tiny amount of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-biphosphate | 147 | |
| 14617301832 | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | catalyzes an oxidation and addition of inorganic phosphate to its substrate | 148 | |
| 14617302632 | 3-phosphoglycerate kinase | transfers the high energy phosphate from 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to ADP forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate | 149 | |
| 14617306562 | pyruvate kinase | activated by fructose 1,6-biphosphate from the PFK-1 reaction | 150 | |
| 14617308528 | dihydroxyacetone phosphate | used in hepatic acid and adipose tissue for triacylglycerol synthesis | 151 | |
| 14617309145 | galactose | the disaccharide lactose present | 152 | |
| 14617309523 | epimerases | enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one sugar epimer to another | 153 | |
| 14617310420 | glycogenesis | synthesis of glycogen granules | 154 | |
| 14617312464 | glycogen synthase | the rate-limiting enzyme of glycogen synthesis and forms alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond found in the linear glucose chains of the granule | 155 | |
| 14617315550 | branching enzyme | responsible for introducing alpha-1,6-linked branches into the granule as it grows | 156 | |
| 14617319686 | glycogenolysis | process of breaking down glycogen | 157 | |
| 14617320691 | glycogen phosphorylase | breaks alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds, releasing glucose 1 phosphate from the periphery of the granule | 158 | |
| 14617321699 | debranching enzyme | a two-enzyme complex that deconstructs the branches in glycogen that have been exposed by glycogen phosphorylase | 159 | |
| 14617328122 | isoforms | slightly different versions of the same protein | 160 | |
| 14617328485 | pyruvate carboxylase | a mitochondrial enzyme that is activated by acetyl CoA | 161 | |
| 14617329636 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase | induced by glucagon and cortisol, which act to raise blood sugar | 162 | |
| 14617331015 | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | key control point of gluconeogenesis and represents the rate-limiting step of the process | 163 | |
| 14617332625 | glucose-6-phosphotase | found only in the lumen of the ER of liver cells | 164 | |
| 14617333364 | NADPH | acts as an electron donor in a number of biochemical reactions | 165 | |
| 14617334885 | proton-motive force | an electrochemical proton gradient generated by the complexes of the electron transport chain | 166 | |
| 14617336070 | complex 1 | transfer of electrons from NADPH to coenzyme Q | 167 | |
| 14617339273 | complex 2 | receives electron from succinate | 168 | |
| 14617339599 | complex 3 | facilitates the transfer of electron from coenzyme Q to cytochrome C | 169 | |
| 14617340589 | Q cycle | two electrons are shuffled in from a molecule of upiquinone | 170 | |
| 14617341305 | complex 4 | facilitates the culminating step of the electron transport chain | 171 | |
| 14617342032 | chemiosmotic coupling | allows the chemical energy of the gradient to be harnessed as a means of phosphorylating ADP | 172 | |
| 14617343619 | conformational coupling | suggests that the relationship between the proton gradient and ATP synthesis is indirect | 173 | |
| 14617345674 | hormone-sensitive lipase | hydrolyzes triacylglycerols yielding fatty acids and glycerol | 174 | |
| 14617346568 | lipoprotein lipase | necessary for the metabolism of chylomicrons and very low density proteins | 175 | |
| 14617348005 | lipoproteins | aggregates of apolipoproteins and lipids | 176 | |
| 14617348778 | chylomicrons | highly soluble in both lymphatic fluid and blood and function in transport of dietary triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters to other tissues | 177 | |
| 14617350765 | LDL | deliver cholesterol to tissues for biosynthesis | 178 | |
| 14617351296 | HDL | synthesized in the liver and intestines and released as dense, protein rich particles in the blood | 179 | |
| 14617353002 | apoproteins | form the protein component of lipoproteins | 180 | |
| 14617353572 | citrate shuttle | carries mitochondrial acetyl-CoA into the cytoplasm | 181 | |
| 14617354343 | nontemplate synthesis | lipid and carbohydrate synthesis | 182 | |
| 14617354921 | proteolysis | breakdown of proteins | 183 | |
| 14617355256 | urea cycle | occurs in the liver and is the body's primary way of moving excess nitrogen out of the body | 184 | |
| 14617356139 | open systems | exchange both energy and matter with the environment | 185 | |
| 14617357227 | closed systems | do not exchange matter with the environment | 186 | |
| 14617357946 | internal energy | the sum of all of the different interactions between and within atoms | 187 | |
| 14617358528 | bioenergetics | energy states in biological systems | 188 | |
| 14617358903 | homeostasis | a physiological tendency toward a relatively stable state that is maintained and adjusted | 189 | |
| 14617360022 | insulin | a peptide hormone secreted by the B-cells of the pancreatic islets of langerhans | 190 | |
| 14617361842 | glucagon | a peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets of langerhans | 191 | |
| 14617364130 | glucocorticoids | responsible for part of the stress response | 192 |
