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| 5091529480 | first law of thermodynamics | total energy of a system and its surroundings is always constant; it is neither created or destroyed, but can change forms | 0 | |
| 5091532951 | second law of thermodynamics | the total entropy of a system and its surroundings i.e. the universe, always increases | 1 | |
| 5091535994 | entropy | a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system | 2 | |
| 5091538472 | spontaneous process | a process that occurs in a system without any input of energy from the surroundings | 3 | |
| 5091579941 | delta G < 0 | the reaction is spontaneous from left to right. exergonic, or energy-releasing | 4 | |
| 5091582269 | delta G > 0 | non-spontaneous. endergonic, or energy-consuming | 5 | |
| 5091587304 | delta G = 0 | is at equilibrium | 6 | |
| 5091608748 | monosaccharide | one monomeric unit. glucose, fructose, ribose, galactose | 7 | |
| 5091614579 | polysaccharide | > 20 monosaccharides units, starch glycogen | 8 | |
| 5091619361 | oligosaccharide | 2- 20 monosaccharide units sucrose, lactose | 9 | |
| 5091621377 | sugars | monosaccharides and disaccharides are commonly referred to as | 10 | |
| 5091630436 | glycosidic bond | two simple sugar molecules can be joined in tandem, when a OH group of onesugardisplaces the OH group on the other sugar's anomeric carbon | 11 | |
| 5091632221 | glycogen | animal storage form of glucose | 12 | |
| 5091632222 | starch | plant storage form of glucose | 13 | |
| 5091634328 | cellulose | constituent of plant cell walls | 14 | |
| 5091640864 | catabolism | the degradative phase of metabolism | 15 | |
| 5091642371 | anabolism | the synthesis phase of metabolism | 16 | |
| 5091672687 | fermentation | the process that breaks down an energy-rich molecule | 17 | |
| 5091698124 | reduction potential | a measure in volts of the affinity for electrons | 18 | |
| 5091701657 | reductant | oxidant + e- | 19 | |
| 5091704592 | rotenone | blocks electron transfer in complex I | 20 | |
| 5091707317 | antimycin A | block e- transfer in complex II | 21 | |
| 5091710456 | CN, CO | block e- transfer in complex IV | 22 | |
| 5091715548 | reactions | light-dependant and Carbon- assimilation | 23 | |
| 5091719253 | light-dependent reaction | results in the production of O2,NADPH,and ATP | 24 | |
| 5091723030 | carbon-assimilation reaction | ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 to hexose phosphates | 25 | |
| 5091728914 | thylakoid membrane | light reactions take place here | 26 | |
| 5091731807 | chlorophyll | light harvesting pigments in plants | 27 | |
| 5091740463 | photophosphorylation | the synthesis of ATP coupled to light-driven electron transport | 28 | |
| 5091752206 | stroma | Carbon- assimilation reaction takes place in | 29 | |
| 5091757126 | calvin cycle | carbon- fixation reactions | 30 | |
| 5091774597 | cytosol | where sucrose is synthesized | 31 | |
| 5091776265 | chloroplasts | where starch is synthesized | 32 | |
| 5091784224 | reciprocal regulation | opposing pathways are regulated in inverse directions, stimulating one pathway inhibits the other | 33 | |
| 5091799112 | glucagon | stimulates glycogen breakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis | 34 | |
| 5091801439 | high blood glucose | insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis and inhibits glycogen synthesis and inhibits glycogen breakdown | 35 |
