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| 96872106 | pathogen | a disease-causing organism -bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, parasitic worms, prions (mad cow disease) | |
| 96872107 | First Line of Defense | - physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry by pathogens - keep the foreign cells or molecules out of the body - always prepared, non specific | |
| 96872108 | Second Line of Defense | - defensive cells and proteins and the inflammatory response - attack any foreign cell or molecule that enters the body - become active is the surface barriers are penetrated, non specific | |
| 96872109 | Third Line of Defense | - immune response, which recognizes, destroys, and remembers the particular microbe encountered - Destroy the specific type of foreign cell or molecule that enters the body | |
| 96872110 | Virulence | measure of pathogenicity, a quantitative concept | |
| 96872111 | Physical Barriers | skin (keratin protein) and mucous membranes | |
| 96872112 | Chemical Barriers | sweat, oil, mucous membranes lining the digestive and respiratory passages, hydrochloric acid and protein digesting enzymes, acidity of urine, saliva and tears (lysozyme) | |
| 96872113 | Defensive Cells | 2nd line of defence Neutrophils (primary bacteria), Macrophages (pus), Eosinophils (worms), Natural Killers cells (abnormal and cancer) | |
| 96872114 | Defensive Proteins | 2nd line of defense Interferons, Complement system | |
| 100555545 | Interferons | prevent viral replication slows spread of any virus inhibits cell division of cancer cells | |
| 100555546 | Complement System | stimulates inflammatory response redness, heat, swelling, pain sometimes people get allergies by accident enhances macrophages and neurophils to the site | |
| 100703541 | histamine | released by cells, causes dilation of blood vessels | |
| 100703542 | Fever | high body temperature, brain does this | |
| 100703543 | MHC markers | molecules found on the surface of our own cells and mark them as belonging to us | |
| 100703544 | antigens | nonself substances that trigger an immune response | |
| 100703545 | B cells | recognize the antigen marture in bone marrow programmed to recognize ONE particular type of antigen specific defense mechanism is built for plasma cells | |
| 100703546 | T cells | specific defense for cytotoxic T cells that attack | |
| 100703547 | Cytotoxic T cells | release perforins that cause cells with the antigen to burst (lyse) | |
| 100703548 | Immune Response Steps | 1. Threat 2. Detection 3. Alert 4. Helper Tcells activate B cells and T cells to destroy specific antigen 5. Specfic defense mechanism is built 6. Primary defense 7. Immunological memory 8. Suppressor T cells | |
| 100703549 | Active Immunity | immune resistance in which the body actively participates by producing memory B cells and T cells after exposure to an antigen, either naturally or through vaccination - lasts years to decades | |
| 100703550 | Passive Immunity | immunity due to received antibodies - no memory cells involved - short lived - breast milk | |
| 100703551 | Monoclonal Antibodies | group of identical antibodies taht bind to one specific antigen | |
| 100703552 | autoimmune disorders | failure to distinguish between self and nonself, physical problems caused when cells of the body's immune system attack normal body cells as if they were foreign invaders | |
| 100703553 | Allergies | overreaction of the immune system to antigens | |
| 100703554 | Allergens | Cause plasma cells to release large numbers of class IgE antibodies | |
| 100703555 | Lympth | intersititial fluid that builds up around the cells | |
| 100703556 | Lymph capillaries | passes through a series of vessels, lymphoid tissues and organs, returns to circulatory system | |
| 100703557 | Elephantiasis | condition in which a worm blocks lymphatic vessels, causing fluid to buildup | |
| 100703558 | Lymphatic vessels | central to absorb the interstitial fluid | |
| 100703559 | lymph nodes | bean-shaped stuctures, filter lymph, contain macrophages and lymphocytes | |
| 100703560 | Lymphoid Organs | Tonsils, Thymus Gland, Spleen, Peyer's patches, red bone marrow | |
| 100703561 | Disease transmission | 1. Direct Contact - kiss 2. Inhalation - smell 3. Indirect Contact - touch 4. Vectors - pet | |
| 100703562 | Sporadic disease | occur only occasionally and at unpredictable intervals | |
| 100703563 | Endemic disease | always present in a population and pose little threat | |
| 100703564 | Epidemic diseases | occur suddenly, spread rapidly | |
| 100703565 | Pandemic | global outbreak | |
| 100703566 | Six organisms that cause diseases | Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, Fungi, Parasitic worms, Prions | |
| 100703567 | Bacterial cells | prokaryotic cells, have a cell wall and cell membrane, do not have a nucleus, genetic material is in the cytoplasm, contain ribosomes and no other organelles, and are much smaller then plant and animal cells | |
| 100703568 | Binary fission | this is how bacteria divides at a very rapid rate (asexually) | |
| 100703569 | Viruses | submicroscopic infectious particle composed of protein coat and nucleic acid - carry genetic information envoded in their nucleic acid and can undergo mutations - no a living organism - damage the host cell | |
| 100703570 | Five steps of a virus infection | Attachment Penetration Production of virus genetic information and proteins Assembly of new viruses Release of virus | |
| 100703571 | cell lyse | virus exploding | |
| 100703572 | Budding | shedding out of the cell slowly | |
| 100703573 | Lytic infection | rapid release of new viruses from host cell - can cause dealth | |
| 100703574 | Persistent infection | slow release of new viruses for a long time (three week cold) | |
| 100703575 | Latent infection | virus remains in host cell dormant, no harm to the cell, until it beings replicating and kills the cell - cold sore | |
| 100703576 | Can a virus cause cancer? | Yes, it inserts its DNA into the cell's chromosome | |
| 100706356 | How does life begin? | One cell - zygote - fusion of an egg and sperm | |
| 100706357 | do specialized cells divide? | No | |
| 100706358 | purpose of cell division | grow or fix damaged cells | |
| 100706359 | Too little cell divison causes what? | disorder that stops the body from being able to repair itself - example: spinal injury | |
| 100706360 | Defective cell division causes what? | lack of production in cells...like blood clotting factors by liver cells | |
| 100706361 | Stem cells | unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells | |
| 100706362 | Four types of stem cells | Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipoten, Unipotent | |
| 100706363 | Adult stem cells | Cells present in adult tissues that generate replacements for nondividing differentiated cells that can be of great therapeutic potential. | |
| 100706364 | Umbilical Cord Stem Cells | multipotent. umbilical cord is the lifeline that transports nutrient and oxygen rich blood from the placenta to the fetus | |
| 100706365 | Embryonic Stem Cells | an undifferentiated cell, taken from an embryo that has potential to give rise to various other cell or tissue types, undifferentiated, pluripotent stem cells that can grow and divide indefinitely; cause cancer if directly injected into animals; acquire genetic mutations over time (as they divide over and over); can be used in regenerative medicine, basic science, pharmaceutical testing, and understanding abnormal conditions/processes | |
| 100706366 | Therapeutic cloning | replacement cells, the cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the generation of embryonic stem cells | |
| 100706367 | Reproductive Cloning | produces a new individual, implanted into surrogate mother | |
| 100706368 | Genotype | genetic makeup, all alleles are present, no options | |
| 100706369 | Phenotype | observable physical traits, environment | |
| 100706370 | dominant allele | expressed in phenotype | |
| 100706371 | recessive allele | not expressed in phenotype | |
| 100706372 | complete dominance | The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable | |
| 100706373 | codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism ex. AB blood type | |
| 100706374 | Incomplete Dominance | creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other | |
| 100706375 | Pleiotrophy | one gene having many effects | |
| 100706376 | Polygenic inheritance | process by which several genes interact to produce a certain trait; responsible for most important traits example skin colour | |
| 100706377 | linked genes | genes on the same chromosome are usually inherited together | |
| 100706378 | x linked genes | X-Linked Genes on the X chromosome are said to be X-linked. X-linked recessive diseases are generally only seen in males who get the disease from the mother. Both males and females can be affected by X-linked dominant genes. | |
| 100706379 | Sex influenced genes | autosomal genes whose expression is influenced by sex hormones - example: allele for baldness and testosterone | |
| 100706380 | Mutations | chromosome breakage, caused by chemicals, radiation, viruses | |
| 100706381 | deletion | loss of a piece of chromosome | |
| 100706382 | Duplication | added piece of chromosome | |
| 100706383 | Amniocentesis | fluid is withdrawn | |
| 100706384 | Chorionic villi sampling | taking a small piece of chorionic villi |
