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Biology AP Cumulative Study Guide Flashcards

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7607813421MatterAnything that has mass and takes up space0
7607816708ElementA pure substance made of only one kind of atom1
7607817823CompoundA substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds2
7607820139Trace ElementsElements required by an organism but in minute quantities3
7607826896CHONCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. Makes up 96% of living matter.4
7607836040Atomthe smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element5
7607838273Neutronsneutral particles that do not have an electrical charge, Found in Nucleus6
7607841926Protonspositively charged subatomic particles,Found in Nucleus7
7607846188Electronsnegatively charged subatomic particles, Found in the electron cloud8
7607850152Atomic NucleusFormed from the Neutrons and protons9
7607852523Daltonsthe measurement of neurons and protons10
7607856457Atomic NumberThe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom11
7607856458Mass Numberthe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom12
7607862040Atomic Massthe atom's total mass can be approximated by the mass number13
7607870382IsotopesAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.14
7607874006Radioactive isotopesdecay spontaneously giving off particles and energy15
7607879187EnergyThe ability to do work or cause change16
7607879188Potential Energystored energy that results from the position or shape of an object17
7607882077Electron Shell/Orbitalthe path or orbit electrons follow around the nucleus of an atom18
7607883745Valence ElectronsElectrons on the outermost energy level of an atom19
7607886411Valence ShellOutermost electron shell20
7607886412Chemical BondsThe attractive force that holds atoms or ions together.21
7607888840Covalent BondsBonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.22
7607888841Moleculetwo or more atoms held together by covalent bonds23
7607888842Single Bonda covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons24
7607891797Double Bonda covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms25
7607891798Triple BondA covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms26
7607893692Structural Formulaa formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.27
7607900010Molecular Formulaa chemical formula that reports the actual numbers of atoms in one molecule of a compound28
7607900011ValenceBonding Capacity29
7607901486ElectronegativityA measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons30
7607901487Non-Polar Covalent Bonda covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms31
7607903747Polar Covalent BondA covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally32
7607910046Ionic Bondchemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another33
7607915386CationA positively charged ion34
7607917092AnionA negatively charged ion35
7607917093Hydrogen BondsAttraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom36
7607925283Van Der Walls interactionsinteractions between electron clouds37
7607925284ReactantsA starting material in a chemical reaction38
7607927477ProductsA substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction39
7607929295Chemical EquilibriumThe state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time40
7607977658EvolutionThe gradual change in a species over time41
7607977659BiologyThe scientific study of life42
7607982561Biological HierarchyAtoms, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere43
7608055866Emergent Propertiescomplex properties that arise from the interaction of simpler elements44
7608057971Reductionismreducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study45
7608059644Systems Biologythe exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts46
7608059645Global Climate ChangeChanges in the average weather that occurs in an area over a period of years or decades.47
7608182226Eukaryotic Celltype of cell that has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles48
7608183798DNAGenetic information that can be used as evidence of evolution between organisms.49
7608189652GenesDNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.50
7608195939Gene Expressionprocess by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function51
7608199854Bioinformaticsthe application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data52
7608199855Genomeall of an organism's genetic material53
7608199856Genomicsstudy of whole genomes, including genes and their functions54
7608202686Negative FeedbackA response to changing conditions that acts to dampen or stop a system's reaction.55
7608205211Positive FeedbackA control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus56
7608205212BacteriaDomain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls57
7608210198ArcheaDomain of organisms that are able to live in harsh, extreme environments.58
7608256304Eukaryaa domain made up of all eukaryotes59
7608264461Charles DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection the "Father of Evolution"60
7608285694Qualitative DataInformation describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic61
7608287683Quantitativerelating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality62
7608301681Inductive Reasoningreasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion63
7608304479Deductive ReasoningTo conclude something is true based on facts, definitions64
7608312991Controlled ExperimentAn experiment in which all factors are identical except one65
7613389824Polar Moleculeone end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive66
7613389825CohesionAttraction between molecules of the same substance67
7613392511Adhesionforce of attraction between different kinds of molecules68
7613392512TemperatureA measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.69
7613392513CalorieAmount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C70
7613395942KiloCalorieA unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories.71
7613395943Joulethe SI unit of energy72
7613398451Heat of Vaporizationamount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas73
7613398452SolutionA mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.74
7613400561Hydrophilichaving a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.75
7613400562Colloida heterogeneous mixture with particles that never settle76
7613400563Molaritymoles of solute/liters of solution77
7613403529AcidA substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red Any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water78
7613403530BaseA substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. A substance that tastes bitter, feel slippery, and turn red litmus blue79
7613406392Ocean Acidificationprocess in which carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater lowers the pH level of the ocean80
7613406393Surface TensionThe uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid81
7613409228Kinetic Energythe energy an object has due to its motion82
7613409229Heatthermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another83
7613411519Celsius Scalethe temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 C and boils at 100 C84
7613413799Specific HeatThe amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius85
7613413800Evaporative Coolingthe process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation86
7613415999SolventA liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances87
7613421166Aqueous Solutiona solution in which water is the solvent88
7613421167Hydrophobictending to repel or fail to mix with water.89
7613429146Molecular MassThe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.90
7613431072Avogadro's Numbernumber of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^2391
7613431073pH ScaleA range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution92
7613434036Bufferssubstances that cause a solution to resist changes in pH93
7613434037Acid Precipitationrain or snow that has a lower pH than that of normal rainwater94
7708661119organic chemistrythe study of compounds containing carbon the study of all chemicals containing carbon95
7708661120hydrocarbonsOrganic compounds that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen96
7708662811isomerscompounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties97
7708672464structural isomersdiffer in the covalent arrangements of their atoms98
7708673983cis-trans isomershave the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements99
7708673984enantiomersIsomers that are mirror images of each other100
7708678494functional groupsA group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality101
7708680064hydroxylAlcohol102
7708680065carbonyl- Found in sugar - responsible for sugars being so easily dissolved in water103
7708681937carboxylcarboxylic acids, or organic acids104
7708681938aminoa nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen Building blocks of protein105
7708684217sulfhydryl106
7708684218phosphatePO₄2⁻107
7708686186methyl-CH 3 (CH3) addition of a methyl group affects expression of genes108
7708686187ATP(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work109

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