terms for EOC Biology
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| 1542912213 | Abiotic factor | "Any nonliving component of an ecosystem (e.g., sunlight, air, water, soil)" | 0 | |
| 1542912214 | Activation energy | The kinetic energy required to initiate a chemical reaction | 1 | |
| 1542912215 | Active transport | The movement of a substance across a plasma (cell) membrane against a concentration gradient | 2 | |
| 1542912216 | Adhesion | The property of sticking to some other substance | 3 | |
| 1542912217 | Aerobic respiration | Growing or metabolizing only in the presence of molecular oxygen | 4 | |
| 1542912218 | Alcoholic fermentation | The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol | 5 | |
| 1542912219 | Alleles | "Alternate forms of a gene or DNA sequence, which occur on either of two homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism" | 6 | |
| 1542912220 | Alternation of generation | Alternating sexual and asexual generation reproduction | 7 | |
| 1542912221 | Amino acid | "Any of 20 basic building blocks of proteins--composed of a free amino (NH2) end, a free carboxyl (COOH) end, and a side group (R)" | 8 | |
| 1542912222 | Anaerobic respiration | Growing or metabolizing only in the absence of molecular oxygen | 9 | |
| 1542912223 | Anaphase | "Third phase of mitosis, beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell" | 10 | |
| 1542912224 | Antibiotic resistance | The ability of a microorganism to produce a protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic into the cell | 11 | |
| 1542912225 | Applied science | The practical use of scientific information to improve human life | 12 | |
| 1542912226 | Artificial selection | Breeding organisms by humans for specific phenotypic characteristics | 13 | |
| 1542912227 | Asexual reproduction | Nonsexual means of reproduction which can include grafting and budding | 14 | |
| 1542912228 | Autotroph | An organism that uses energy to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic substances | 15 | |
| 1542912229 | Bacteria | "A single-celled, microscopic prokaryotic organism" | 16 | |
| 1542912230 | Base pair (bp) | A pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule | 17 | |
| 1542912231 | Biodiversity | The wide diversity and interrelatedness of earth organisms based on genetic and environmental factors | 18 | |
| 1542912232 | Biological evolution | Change in allele frequency of a species or population over time | 19 | |
| 1542912233 | Biome | A geographic area characterized by specific kinds of plants and animals | 20 | |
| 1542912234 | Biosphere | The area on and around Earth where life exists | 21 | |
| 1542912235 | Biotic factor | A living component of an ecosystem | 22 | |
| 1542912236 | Carbohydrates | "Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)" | 23 | |
| 1542912237 | Cell cycle | "The events of cell division; includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis" | 24 | |
| 1542912238 | Cellular respiration | The process by which cells generate ATP through a series of redox (chemical) reactions | 25 | |
| 1542912239 | Cell theory | "The theory that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic units of organisms, and that cells come only from existing cells" | 26 | |
| 1542912240 | Centromere | The central portion of the chromosome to which the spindle fibers attach during mitotic and meiotic division | 27 | |
| 1542912241 | Chloroplasts | A plastid containing chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis | 28 | |
| 1542912242 | Chromatid | Each of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined at the centromere during mitosis and meiosis. | 29 | |
| 1542912243 | Chromosome | "A single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strand of DNA" | 30 | |
| 1542912244 | Chromosome theory of heredity | The theory that states that genes are located on chromosomes and that each gene occupies a specific place on a chromosome | 31 | |
| 1542912245 | Citric acid cycle (Kreb's) | Series of chemical reactions in aerobic respiration in which a acetyl coenzyme A is completely degraded to carbon dioxide and water with the release of metabolic energy that is used to produce ATP; also known as Kreb's cycle | 32 | |
| 1542912246 | Cladogram | A branching diagram that illustrates taxonomic relationships based on the principles of claudistics | 33 | |
| 1542912247 | Codominance | An inheritance relationship in which neither of two alleles of the same gene totally mask the other | 34 | |
| 1542912248 | Cohesion | The property of sticking together; like substances sticking together | 35 | |
| 1542912249 | Commensalism | The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is advantageous to one and doesn't affect the other(s) | 36 | |
| 1542912250 | Community | All the populations in one area | 37 | |
| 1542912251 | Cytokinesis | The division of cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells | 38 | |
| 1542912252 | Cytoskeleton | Framework of the cell composed of a variety of filaments and fibers that support cell structure and drive cell movement | 39 | |
| 1542912253 | Deletion | Chromosome abnormality in which part of the chromosome is missing; loss of one or more base pairs from DNA which can result in a frameshift | 40 | |
| 1542912254 | Dichotomous key (classification key) | Classification tool used in identifying organisms or materials | 41 | |
| 1542912255 | Diffusion | The process by which molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration | 42 | |
| 1542912256 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) | "An organic acid and polymer composed of four nitrogenous bases--adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; the genetic material of most organisms; exists as a double-stranded molecule held together by hydrogen bonds " | 43 | |
| 1542912257 | Domain | "Taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdom (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)" | 44 | |
| 1542912258 | Dominance | A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele | 45 | |
| 1542912259 | Double helix | "The DNA molecule, resembling a spiral staircase in which the paired bases form the steps and the sugar-phosphate backbones form the rails" | 46 | |
| 1542912260 | Ecology | The study of the interactions of organisms with their environment and with each other | 47 | |
| 1542912261 | Ecosystem | The organisms in a plant population and the biotic and abiotic factors which impact on them | 48 | |
| 1542912262 | Electron transport chain | Series of chemical reactions in the thylakoid membrane or inner mitochondrial membrane during which hydrogens or their electrons are passed along with the release of energy | 49 | |
| 1542912263 | Endergonic reaction | A reaction requiring a net input of free energy | 50 | |
| 1542912264 | Endocytosis | The process by which a cell surrounds and engulfs substances | 51 | |
| 1542912265 | Energetics | Use of energy | 52 | |
| 1542912266 | Energy pyramid | Summarizes interactions of matter and energy at each trophic level | 53 | |
| 1542912267 | Enzymes | Proteins that control the various steps in all chemical reactions | 54 | |
| 1542912268 | Epidemic | An outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads widely and rapidly | 55 | |
| 1542912269 | Eukaryote | "An organism whose cells possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound vesicles, including all members of the protist, fungi, plant and animal kingdoms; and excluding viruses, bacteria, and blue-green algae" | 56 | |
| 1542912270 | Evolution | The long-term process through which a population of organisms accumulates genetic changes that enable its members to successfully adapt to environmental conditions and to better exploit food resources | 57 | |
| 1542912271 | Exergonic reaction | A reaction that gives off free energy | 58 | |
| 1542912272 | Exocytosis | The process in which a vesicle inside a cell fuses with a cell membrane and releases its contents to the external environment | 59 | |
| 1542912273 | Frameshift mutation | A mutation that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of the change in the reading frame | 60 | |
| 1542912274 | Fungi | Microorganisms that lacks chlorophyll | 61 | |
| 1542912275 | Gamete | "A haploid sex cell, egg or sperm, that contains a single copy of each chromosome" | 62 | |
| 1542912276 | Gene | The functional unit of heredity; a locus on a chromosome that encodes a specific protein or several related proteins | 63 | |
| 1542912277 | Genome | "The complete genetic material contained in an individual; the genetic complement contained in the chromosomes of a given organism, usually the haploid chromosome state" | 64 | |
| 1542912278 | Genotype | The structure of DNA that determines the expression of a trait | 65 | |
| 1542912279 | Genus | A category including closely related species; interbreeding between organisms within the same category can occur | 66 | |
| 1542912280 | Germ Theory of Disease (Koch's Postulates) | A set of criteria used to establish that a particular infectious agent causes a disease | 67 | |
| 1542912281 | Glycolysis | A pathway in which glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid | 68 | |
| 1542912282 | Heterotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating organisms or their by-products | 69 | |
| 1542912283 | Homeostasis | The stable internal conditions of a living thing | 70 | |
| 1542912284 | Host | Animal or plant on which or in which another organism lives | 71 | |
| 1542912285 | Human Genome Project | A project coordinated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to determine the entire nucleotide sequence of the human chromosomes | 72 | |
| 1542912286 | Hydrogen bond | A relatively weak bond formed between any hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom) and a nitrogen or oxygen with an unshared electron pair | 73 | |
| 1542912287 | Hypotheses | Statement or predictions that can be tested | 74 | |
| 1542912288 | Incomplete dominance | "A condition where a heterozygous off- spring has a phenotype that is distinctly different from, and intermediate to, the parental phenotypes" | 75 | |
| 1542912289 | Independent assortment | The law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis | 76 | |
| 1542912290 | Interphase | Period of time where a cell carries on metabolism and replicates chromosomes prior to cell division | 77 | |
| 1542912291 | Inversion | A mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation | 78 | |
| 1542912292 | k-strategist | "Species characterized by slow maturation, few young, slow population growth and reproduction late in life" | 79 | |
| 1542912293 | Karyotype | "All of the chromosomes in a cell or an individual organism, visible through a microscope during cell division" | 80 | |
| 1542912294 | Law | An observation that happens every time under a certain set of conditions | 81 | |
| 1542912295 | Lactic acid fermentation | The process by which pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid | 82 | |
| 1542912296 | Light dependent | Reaction of photosynthesis that requires light; light energy is absorbed converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH | 83 | |
| 1542912297 | Light independent | The fixing of carbon dioxide in a 3 carbon compound for use in sugar production or other end products | 84 | |
| 1542912298 | Lipid | Any of a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents; serve as energy storage and are important components of cell membranes | 85 | |
| 1542912299 | Lysogenic cycle | "A type or phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus integrates into the host chromosome of the infected cell, often remaining essentially dormant for some period of time" | 86 | |
| 1542912300 | Lytic cycle | "A phase of the virus life cycle during which the virus replicates within the host cell, releasing a new generation of viruses when the infected cell lyses" | 87 | |
| 1542912301 | Mass extinction | One of the brief periods of time during which large numbers of species disappeared | 88 | |
| 1542912302 | Meiosis | The reduction division process by which haploid gametes and spores are formed consisting of a single duplication of the genetic material followed by two mitotic divisions | 89 | |
| 1542912303 | Metaphase | Second phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell | 90 | |
| 1542912304 | Microbe | A microorganism | 91 | |
| 1542912305 | Mitochondria | Organelles that are the sites of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells | 92 | |
| 1542912306 | Mitosis | The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes | 93 | |
| 1542912307 | Molecular biology | The study of the biochemical and molecular interactions within living cells | 94 | |
| 1542912308 | Molecular genetics | The branch of genetics that deals with the expression of genes by studying the DNA sequences of chromosomes | 95 | |
| 1542912309 | Multiple alleles | Three or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait | 96 | |
| 1542912310 | Mutation | An alteration in DNA structure or sequence of a gene | 97 | |
| 1542912311 | Mutualism | A form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from living together | 98 | |
| 1542912312 | Natural selection | The differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources | 99 | |
| 1542912313 | Nitrogenous bases | "The purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine, cytosine, and uracil) that comprise DNA and RNA molecules" | 100 | |
| 1542912314 | Nonvascular plant | "A plant that lacks vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves" | 101 | |
| 1542912315 | Nucleic acids | "The two nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are made up of long chains of molecules called nucleotides" | 102 | |
| 1542912316 | Nucleotide | "A building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group" | 103 | |
| 1542912317 | Nucleus | The membrane-bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes | 104 | |
| 1542912318 | Organelle | A cell structure that carries out a specialized function in the life of a cell | 105 | |
| 1542912319 | Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane | 106 | |
| 1542912320 | Parasitism | The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where the association is harmful to at least one | 107 | |
| 1542912321 | Passive transport | The movement of substances across a plasma (cell) membrane without the use of cell energy | 108 | |
| 1542912322 | Pandemic | An epidemic over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the population | 109 | |
| 1542912323 | Pathogen | Organism which can cause disease in another organism | 110 | |
| 1542912324 | Pesticide | "A substance that kills harmful organisms (e.g., an insecticide or fungicide)" | 111 | |
| 1542912325 | pH | Indicates the relative concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a substance | 112 | |
| 1542912326 | Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs solutes of fluids | 113 | |
| 1542912327 | Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells | 114 | |
| 1542912328 | Phenotype | "The observable characteristics of an organism, the expression of gene alleles (genotype) as an observable physical or biochemical trait" | 115 | |
| 1542912329 | Phospholipids | A class of lipid molecules in which a phosphate group is linked to glycerol and two fatty acetyl groups; a chief component of biological membranes | 116 | |
| 1542912330 | Photosynthesis | The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy stored in organic molecules | 117 | |
| 1542912331 | Plasma (cell) membrane | A selectively permeable surface that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving a cell must pass | 118 | |
| 1542912332 | Point mutation | A change in a single base pair of a DNA sequence in a gene | 119 | |
| 1542912333 | Polarity | Molecules having uneven distribution of charges | 120 | |
| 1542912334 | Population | A local group of organisms belonging to the same species and capable of interbreeding | 121 | |
| 1542912335 | Primary succession | Succession that occurs in a newly formed habitat that has never before sustained life | 122 | |
| 1542912336 | Prokaryote | A bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; its DNA is usually in one long strand | 123 | |
| 1542912337 | Prophase | First phase of mitosis in which duplicated chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle fibers begin to form | 124 | |
| 1542912338 | Protein | An organic compound composed of one or chains of polypeptides which in turn are formed from amino acids | 125 | |
| 1542912339 | Protein synthesis | A formation of proteins using information coded on DNA and carried by RNA | 126 | |
| 1542912340 | Pure science | The gathering of new information or the discovery of a new relationship or fact for sake of knowledge | 127 | |
| 1542912341 | Punnett square | A type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible offspring; a type of grid that can indicate all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross | 128 | |
| 1542912342 | Radioactive dating | A method of determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of a specific radioactive isotope it contains | 129 | |
| 1542912343 | Recessive gene | Characterized as having a phenotype expressed only when both copies of the gene are mutated or missing | 130 | |
| 1542912344 | Relative dating | A method of determining the age of fossils by comparing them to other fossils in different layers of rock | 131 | |
| 1542912345 | Ribosome | A sub-cellular structure that is the site of protein synthesis during translation. | 132 | |
| 1542912346 | RNA (ribonucleic acid) | "An organic acid composed of a single strand of nucleotide that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes and carries out the process of protein synthesis: composed units of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil " | 133 | |
| 1542912347 | Secondary succession | The sequential replacement of population in a disrupted habitat | 134 | |
| 1542912348 | Segregation | The law stating that pairs of genes separate in meiosis and each gamete receives one gene of a pair | 135 | |
| 1542912349 | Sex influenced | "Description of a trait that is caused by a gene whose expression differs in male and females; (e.g., male patterned baldness)" | 136 | |
| 1542912350 | Sex linkage | "The presence of a gene on a sex chromosome; (e.g., hemophilia, color-blindness)" | 137 | |
| 1542912351 | Sexual reproduction | "The process where two cells (gametes) fuse to form one hybrid, fertilized cell" | 138 | |
| 1542912352 | Species | A classification of related organisms that can freely interbreed | 139 | |
| 1542912353 | Spore | A form taken by certain microbes that enables them to exist in a dormant stage. It is an asexual reproductive cell | 140 | |
| 1542912354 | Symbiosis | The close association of two or more dissimilar organisms where both receive an advantage from the association | 141 | |
| 1542912355 | Taxonomic nomenclature | The procedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups of organisms according to their taxa | 142 | |
| 1542912356 | Technology | Practical use of scientific information to improve the quality of human life: see also applied science | 143 | |
| 1542912357 | Telophase | "Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell" | 144 | |
| 1542912358 | Theory | A well tested explanation of natural events | 145 | |
| 1542912359 | Thermoregulation | The maintenance of internal temperature within a range that allows cells to function efficiently | 146 | |
| 1542912360 | Translation | The process of converting the genetic code in RNA into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein | 147 | |
| 1542912361 | Transcription | Process in which RNA is made from DNA | 148 | |
| 1542912362 | Vaccine | A preparation of dead or weakened pathogen that is used to induce formation of antibodies or immunity against the pathogen | 149 | |
| 1542912363 | Variation | Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population | 150 | |
| 1542912364 | Vascular plants | A plant that has phloem and xylem | 151 | |
| 1542912365 | Virus | "An infectious particle composed of a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core, which is dependent on a host organism for replication" | 152 |
